Energy and Innovation NL Greenhouse sector Olaf Hietbrink LEI Wageningen UR 16 februari 2011 Den Haag

Content Trends towards the future Greenhouse horticulture NL Energy use en energy saving Horticulture and Innovation; energy as the driving factor Entrepeneur is the key player

Trends in agriculture Efficiency of scale: not only larger, also a second or third holding / location (even abroad), separated for technological / economic reasons Forward and backward integration: contracts, short chains, farm shops Diversification in agri niche markets (organic, nature contracts, agri-tourism, agri-healthcare etc.) Diversification outside agriculture: pluri-activity, investing capital elsewhere, including non-agricultural use of buildings, energy production Combinations of these trends

Foresight(s) 2050 Big issue: can we feed 9 billion (with higher income levels) with less environmental impacts? The debate focus on scarcities: Climate change Environmental impact and biodiversity loss Energy supply, biobased economy Phosphate supply Water availability Declining productivity growth Resistance to industrialisation of agriculture in Western countries

Characteristics Dutch greenhouse sector Acreage 10,300 ha Vegetables 43% Flowers 28% Plants 23% Seeds, cuttings, young plants 6% Employment 50,000 – 60,000 people Turnover 6 Billion Euro (€ 60/m2) Export 80-90% Energy 4 billion m3 natural gas Energy: 20-30% of production costs

Economies of scale increase quickly

Modern Greenhouse holding Heat storage, energy production and glasshouses

Energy targets covenants (sector and government) (1) Energy-efficiency (1990 = 100%) Energy-efficiency = primary fuel / unit production % (-48%) % (-57%) CO2-emission cultivation CO2-emission = fossil fuel Cultivation = exclusive selling electricity Mtonne Mtonne

Energy targets covenants (sector and government) (2) Share sustainable energy % % Cogeneration 2020 Reduction CO2-emissie national 2.3 Mtonne  Capacity 3,000 MWe  Running hours 3,500 / year  Electricity production 10.5 billion kWh / year

Energy Figures 2009 Consumption natural gas Netherlands = 46 billion m3 Consumption Greenhouse Sector = 3.9 billion m3 (8%) Cogeneration Greenhouse Sector = 3.2 billion m3 (8%) Electricity consumption Netherlands = 112 billion kWh Production cogeneration Greenhouses = 11 billion kWh (10%) Selling 6.2 billion kWh = 26% households Net selling 3.7 billion kWh = 15% households CO2-emission Netherlands = Mtonne (2008) CO2-emission Greenhouse Industry = 7.0 Mtonne (4%) National reduction cogeneration Greenhouses = 2.3 Mtonne (1,3%)

Energie efficiency

Physical production per m2

CO2-emission

Sustainable energy

Alternative Energy sources (2009) Efficient production Cogeneration growers6,400 ha Buy heat (cogeneration other owners)900 ha Buy external CO2 (enrichment crops)0.5 Mtonne Sustainable energy 1.3% total energy consumption Sun energy (closed greenhouses)187 ha Bio fuel (cogeneration and boilers growers)66 ha Geothermal heat15 ha Buy sustainable heat (bio fuel other owners)33 ha Buy sustainable electricity (public grid)91 million kWh

Capacity Cogeneration Sector

Buy, sell and production Electricity: net supplier of electricity

Gas price and net energy costs

Innovation: energy is a driving factor

Programme Greenhouse as Energy Source Transition paths 1. Solar energy / closed greenhouse 2. Geothermal energy 3. Bio-fuels 4. Reduction demand 5. Cogeneration 6. Light (natural and artificial) 7. External CO2 8. Energy grids

Energy efficient greenhouses Steps: Maximum use of solar energy High light transmission of greenhouse (construction, covering, coatings, reduce screen use…) Reduction of energy use Efficient conversion of energy, heat storage and re-use Efficient energy use: unit product per unit energy Replace fossil by renewable energy bron: S. Hemming

Energy efficient greenhouses Steps: Maximum use of solar energy Reduction of energy loss Winter: minimize energy loss (double AR glass, low-e coating, thermal screens…) Summer: efficient cooling (natural ventilation, fogging…) Efficient conversion of energy, heat storage and re-use Efficient energy use: unit product per unit energy Replace fossil by renewable energy bron: S. Hemming

Energy efficient greenhouses Steps: Maximum use of solar energy Reduction of energy use Efficient conversion of energy, heat storage and re-use Co-generation, efficient conversion of solar energy, heat exchanger, heat storage and re-use Efficient energy use: unit product per unit energy Replace fossil by renewable energy bron: S. Hemming

Energy efficient greenhouses Steps: Maximum use of solar energy Reduction of energy use Efficient conversion of energy, heat storage and re-use Efficient energy use: unit product per unit energy Temperature integration, no lower heating, higher humidity, reduced transpiration, intelligent climate control, new crop limits… Replace fossil by renewable energy bron: S. Hemming

Energy efficient greenhouses Steps: Maximum use of solar energy Reduction of energy use Efficient conversion of energy, heat storage and re-use Efficient energy use: unit product per unit energy Replace fossil by renewable energy Biofuels, biogas, wood, solar cells, geothermal, wind…. bron: S. Hemming

Climate controlled-energy efficient More conditioned greenhouses are the future  control production factors  high quality product, ready on demand  economics of production Reduce energy consumption is demanded in the future  maximum use of sun light  reduce energy losses  explore the limits of the crop  use renewable energy sources

Experiments Research Capacity Building Extension Government Education Entrepe neur Knowledge composition, innovation

Entrepeneurial skills makes things happen Entrepeneurship essential for innovation and success (economic & sustainable production) Important factors for innovation : Intensity of production Energy market Markets & price development Consumer demand en societal impact Financial situation

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