Written Elements Words: Phrases: Clauses: Sentences: Paragraphs: “Atomic” level Related words Subject and verb Independent expression Unity and coherence

The atmospheric CO 2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission is aware that more than 30 deaths involving functionally identical worm probes have occurred when consumers were electrocuted by contacting the exposed metal shafts and shocked by touching the ground in the vicinity of the world.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission is aware that more than 30 deaths involving functionally identical worm probes have occurred when consumers were electrocuted by contacting the exposed metal shafts and shocked by touching the ground in the vicinity around the world.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission is aware that more than 30 deaths involving functionally identical worm probes have occurred when consumers were electrocuted by contacting the exposed metal shafts and shocked by touching the ground use of fossil fuels around the world.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission is aware that more than 30 deaths involving functionally identical worm probes have occurred when consumers were electrocuted by contacting the exposed metal shafts and would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission is aware that more than 30 deaths involving functionally identical worm probes have occurred because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission is aware that more than 30 deaths involving functionally identical worm probes have Because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

Eight Parts of Speech Nouns: Pronouns: Verbs: Adjectives: Adverbs: Prepositions: Conjunctions: Interjections: Name things, persons, events, concepts Replace nouns Express doing or being Modify nouns or pronouns Modify verbs, adjective, or adverbs Relate a noun to rest of sentence Connect other words Express emotion directly

The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world. Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections

The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world. Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections

Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world.

Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world. Damn!

Using Nouns Subject: Complement: Object: Appositive: Direct address: Identifies who or what the sentence is about Says something about the subject Identifies who or what is acted on Explains or identifies other nouns Identifies who or what is being addressed

Noun as subject The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase.

Noun as complement Any plan to rapidly terminate the use of fossil fuels would be a disruption to the world economy.

Noun as object It would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate the use of fossil fuels around the world.

Noun as appositive The concentration of atmospheric CO2, pollution, according to United States Supreme Court opinion Massachusetts v. EPA, will continue to increase for many decades into the future.

Noun as direct address Dear Consumer: Get ready for electric cars.

Using Pronouns Kinds (personal, interrogative, relative, demonstrative, indefinite, reflexive, intensive) Cases (subjective, possessive, objective)

Using Verbs Agreement Transitive vs. intransitive Tense Voice Mood Verbals

Agreement Singular: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 is… Plural: The rising levels of atmospheric CO2 are…

Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs Intransitive: The atmospheric CO2 concentration will rise for many decades. Transitive: The continued use of fossil fuels around the world will raise the atmospheric CO2 concentration.

Verb Tense Present: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 is… Past: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 was… Future: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 will be… Perfect: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 has been… Past perfect: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 had been… Future perfect: The rising level of atmospheric CO2 will have been…

Verb Voice Active: The continued use of fossil fuels around the world will raise the atmospheric CO2 concentration. Passive: The atmospheric CO2 concentration will be raised by the continued use of fossil fuels around the world.

Verb Mood Indicative: The atmospheric CO2 concentration will rise for many decades. Imperative: Stop the use of fossil fuels around the world. Conditional: If the world were to rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels, the global economy would be disrupted.

Verbals Participle: Rising levels of atmospheric CO2 may be contributing to global warming. Infinitive: It would be very disruptive to terminate use of fossil fuels. Gerund: Terminating the use of fossil fuels around the world would disrupt the global economy.

Using Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives vs. adverbs Positive, comparative, superlative

Adjectives: The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades. Adverbs: It would be severely disruptive to very rapidly terminate use of fossil fuels around the world. Adjectives and adverbs

Positive: To rapidly terminate the use of fossil fuels is a bad policy because it would be disruptive for the global economy. Comparative: To rapidly terminate the use of fossil fuels is a worse policy because it would be more disruptive for the global economy. Superlative: To rapidly terminate the use of fossil fuels is the worst policy because it would be the most disruptive for the global economy. Degrees of Adjectives and adverbs

Using Conjunctions Coordinating (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) Subordinating (if, because, although, etc.) Independent vs. dependent clauses

Coordinating Conjunction: The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future, for it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate the use of fossil fuels around the world.

Subordinating Conjunction: The atmospheric CO2 concentration will continue to increase for many decades into the future because it would be very disruptive to rapidly terminate the use of fossil fuels around the world.