Linking PEVs with Sustainability & Building Benchmarking Goals

Workplace Building-related Emissions = People needing/using power at work Workplace Transportation-related Emissions = People showing up for work

Washington State GHG Emissions by Source in 2010 (million metric tons CO 2 e) 23% of total state emissions.

The Big Picture: WA’s Primary Energy Sources & Uses

Based on: 1 million SF office tower, electricity consumption of 17.5 kWh/SF; Seattle City Light emissions of 0.1 lbs CO2/kWh; 990 employee vehicles per day; 251 work days; PSRC 2006 Activity Survey commuter data; and vehicle emissions based on US passenger fleet average of 22 MPG, 4.90 lbs CO2 per gallon for upstream gasoline production, 20% adder due to oil sands content in Washington State refined gasoline, and 19.6 lbs CO2 per gallon tailpipe emissions. 5 Workplace-related GHG emissions: kWh vs. Gasoline

Which conventional passenger vehicle commuters have the greatest impact on workplace-related GHG emissions from gasoline? 6 Source: Puget Sound Regional Council 2006 Activity Survey

Round Trip Commute Distance Make/Model (PEV type) EPA rated electric driving range Short <22 miles 12.0 miles avg Medium miles 34.6 miles avg Long >50 miles 65.2 miles avg Nissan LEAF (all-electric) 84 miles No Yes Chevy Volt (PHEV) 38 miles NoMaybeYes Ford C-Max Energi (PHEV) 21 miles NoYesYes** Toyota Plug-in Prius (PHEV) 11 miles* MaybeYes** Which PEV commuters could benefit from reliable charging at work? 7 * Depending on how it is driven, may use both gas & electricity. ** Not sufficient range to complete trip on electricity alone.

Significant PEV savings: Long Distance Commuter with workplace charging 8 3 year lease 19,306 miles per year: 66 mile roundtrip commute; 20 miles per weekend day Based on Tom Saxton, Plug In America Vehicle Stnd Prius C-Max EnergiVoltLEAF S Monthly Lease Payment$358$306$269$199 Due at signing$1,008$951$2,399$1,999 Lease Term (years)3333 Fuel $/Month$125$85$60$59 Total Monthly Cost$606$513$489$406 Monthly Savings vs. Prius$0$93$117$200 Total Savings vs. Prius$0$3,351$4,217$7,200 Gas Cost: $4/gallon average over period. Efficiency: MPG = EPA Combined City/Highway; Watts/mile = EPA rating. Electricity: $0.11 per kWh average over period. $0.15 per mile over 12,000 miles per year additional lease cost. Maintenance: Not included. Lower for PEV. Home Charging Station Costs: Not included. L2 plus installation would add ~$1,000 initial.

Energy efficiency provides benefits by reducing load, while transportation electrification provide benefits by increasing load. Increasing the use of electricity for transportation provides net benefits for both society [petroleum displacement, GHG reduction, PM reduction, NOx+ROG reduction] and utility ratepayers.

Roundtrip Commuters to Seattle CBD Source: Puget Sound Regional Council 2006 Activity Survey

Share of Emissions by Sector for Washington Source: Washington State GHG Inventory, 1990 – 2010

U.S. GHG Emissions from Transportation Sources, 2010 Source: Developed using data from U.S. EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:

U.S. Transportation Energy Use by Mode (2010) Source: U.S. Department of Energy. Transportation Energy Data Book, Table 2.5, Transportation Energy Data Book

Transportation is 2 nd largest expense for most households 14 49% Disposable Income 19% Transportation 13% Food 11% Insurance 9% Other 6% Healthcare 5% Entertainment 4% Apparel Source: Federal Highway Administration