Exercise Science Chapter 1 Human Anatomy

Anatomy 5 Major Anatomical Systems Skeletal System Skeletal System Muscular System Muscular System Nervous System Nervous System Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Respiratory System

Skeletal System Basic Functions Protection Protection Support Support Framework (levers) Framework (levers) Production of RBC Production of RBC Storage (minerals) Storage (minerals)

Skeletal System Types of skeletons Axial Skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton 206 bones total 206 bones total

Skeletal System Axial Skeleton – skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs & sternum Axial Skeleton – skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs & sternum

Skeletal System Axial Skeleton cont… Vertebral Column- Cervical (7) Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5 fused) Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx (2-4) Coccyx (2-4)

Skeletal System Appendicular Skeleton (appendages) Levers Levers Mobility Mobility

Skeletal System Appendicular Skeleton

Skeletal System Wolfs Law – a bone is capable of adjusting it’s strength in proportion to the amount of stress (or lack of stress) placed on it Factors that Affect Bone Density Factors that Affect Bone Density Diet Diet Genetics Genetics Activity Activity Bone Density Theory – bone density “CAN” increase until about age 35 years. Then depending on the above factor it will begin to decrease Bone Density Theory – bone density “CAN” increase until about age 35 years. Then depending on the above factor it will begin to decrease

Skeletal System Bones to Know Skull Skull Scapula Scapula Clavicle Clavicle Sternum Sternum Ribs Ribs Humerus Humerus Radius Radius Ulna Ulna Pelvis Pelvis Femur Femur Tibia Tibia Fibula Fibula Vertebral Column Vertebral Column Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx (2 to 4)

Muscular System Basic Functions Protection Protection Locomotion Locomotion Force Production Force Production Types of Muscle Tissue Smooth or Visceral Smooth or Visceral Cardiac Cardiac Skeletal (for our class this is what we will be referring to in all our discussions) Skeletal (for our class this is what we will be referring to in all our discussions)

Muscular System Properties of Skeletal Muscle Contraction Contract – Shorten (concentric) Contract – Shorten (concentric) Relax – Lengthen (eccentric) Relax – Lengthen (eccentric) All or Nothing All or Nothing Motor Units – certain # of muscle fibers and the specific motor neuron that connects w/ them Motor Units – certain # of muscle fibers and the specific motor neuron that connects w/ them

Muscular System Vocabulary Agonist Agonist Antagonist Antagonist Prime Mover Prime Mover Synergist Synergist Stabilizers Stabilizers

Muscular System Vocabulary Cont… Flexion Flexion Extension Extension Plantar Flexion Plantar Flexion Dorsi Flexion Dorsi Flexion Inversion – medial Inversion – medial Eversion – lateral Eversion – lateral Abduction Abduction Adduction Adduction Circumduction Circumduction Internal Rotation Internal Rotation External Rotation External Rotation Supination Supination Pronation Pronation Elevation Elevation Depression Depression Horizontal Flexion Horizontal Flexion Horizontal Extension Horizontal Extension

Muscular System Muscles to Know Pectoralis Major Pectoralis Major Pectoralis Minor Pectoralis Minor Deltoid Deltoid Rotator Cuff Rotator Cuff Subscapularis Subscapularis Supraspinatus Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Teres Minor Biceps Brachii Biceps Brachii Brachialis Brachialis Brachioradialis Brachioradialis Triceps Triceps

Muscular System

Muscles to Know Cont… Abdominals Abdominals External Obliques External Obliques Internal Obliques Internal Obliques Rectus Abdominis Rectus Abdominis Transverse Abdominis Transverse Abdominis Erector Spinae Erector Spinae Latissimus Dorsi Latissimus Dorsi Trapezius Trapezius Gluteal Gluteal Iliopsoas Iliopsoas Quadriceps Quadriceps Hamstrings Hamstrings Tibialis Anterior Tibialis Anterior Soleus Soleus Gastrocnemius Gastrocnemius

Nervous System Basic Functions Control Center Control Center Communication Communication All Major Body Functions (heart, breathing, etc…) All Major Body Functions (heart, breathing, etc…) Personality Personality Critical Thinking Critical Thinking Motor Control Motor Control Motor Coordination Motor Coordination Etc… Etc…

Nervous System Central Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Brain Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Neurons (information in) Sensory Neurons (information in) Motor Neurons (information out) Motor Neurons (information out)

Nervous System Motor Units – certain # of skeletal muscle fibers and the motor neuron that innervates (connects) with them Motor Units can have vary # of muscle fibers connect with it’s correlating motor neuron Motor Units can have vary # of muscle fibers connect with it’s correlating motor neuron This is how we can produce varying force production This is how we can produce varying force production Muscle Fiber Types Muscle Fiber Types Slow Twitch – lower # of Muscle Fibers per motor neuron Slow Twitch – lower # of Muscle Fibers per motor neuron Fast Twitch – higher # of Muscle Fibers per motor neuron Fast Twitch – higher # of Muscle Fibers per motor neuron

Cardiovascular System Basic Functions Uptake & Delivery Oxygen Uptake & Delivery Oxygen Uptake & Delivery Nutrients Uptake & Delivery Nutrients Uptake & Removal of Wastes Uptake & Removal of Wastes

Cardiovascular System Components Heart (pump) Heart (pump) Vessels (pathways) Vessels (pathways) Blood (Transporter) Blood (Transporter)

Cardiovascular System Blood Flow Through the Heart Superior Vena Cava & Inferior Vena Superior Vena Cava & Inferior Vena Cava Cava Right Atrium Right Atrium Right Atrioventricular Valve (Tricuspid) Right Atrioventricular Valve (Tricuspid) Right Ventricle Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Pulmonary Trunk – Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Trunk – Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Lungs

Cardiovascular System Blood Flow Through the Heart Cont… Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Atrium Left Atrioventricular Valve (Bicuspid, Mitral) Left Atrioventricular Valve (Bicuspid, Mitral) Left Ventricle Left Ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve Aortic Semilunar Valve Aorta Aorta Body Body

Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular Vessels Arteries Arteries Arterioles Arterioles Capillaries (transitional vessels) Capillaries (transitional vessels) Venules Venules Veins Veins

Cardiovascular System Arteries/Arterioles Rigid Rigid Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle Carries Blood Away from the Heart Carries Blood Away from the Heart

Cardiovascular System Veins/Venules Collapsible Collapsible Valves Valves Carries Blood Towards the Heart Carries Blood Towards the Heart

Cardiovascular System Capillaries Small Small Transitional Vessels Transitional Vessels Drop off O2 & Nutrients Drop off O2 & Nutrients Pick up CO2 & Wastes Pick up CO2 & Wastes

Blood Transporter of oxygen, nutrients & wastes Transporter of oxygen, nutrients & wastes Stays inside the vessels Stays inside the vessels Women approx 4 to 5 Liters Women approx 4 to 5 Liters Men approx 5 to 6 Liters Men approx 5 to 6 Liters Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Cycle Systole – work, ventricular contraction, blood exits heart Systole – work, ventricular contraction, blood exits heart Diastole – rest, atrial contraction, no blood exits heart Diastole – rest, atrial contraction, no blood exits heart Blood Pressure Systolic Pressure – pressure in the appendage arteries during ventricular contraction Systolic Pressure – pressure in the appendage arteries during ventricular contraction Diastolic Pressure - pressure in the appendage arteries during atrial contraction Diastolic Pressure - pressure in the appendage arteries during atrial contraction

Respiratory System Basic Functions All Gas exchange in the body All Gas exchange in the body Intake of O2 Intake of O2 Expel CO2 Expel CO2

Respiratory System Components of the Respiratory System Nose Nose Mouth Mouth Trachea Trachea Bronchi Bronchi Lungs Lungs

Respiratory System 3 Types of Respiration External Respiration: the process of getting O2 from outside into the body External Respiration: the process of getting O2 from outside into the body

Respiratory System 3 Types of Respiration Cont… Internal Respiration: the process of transitioning O2 from the lungs to the blood Internal Respiration: the process of transitioning O2 from the lungs to the blood

Respiratory System 3 Types of Respiration Cont… Cellular Respiration: the process of getting O2 from the blood to the working muscles

Anatomy Homework Assignment Detailed Picture of Each of the 5 Systems Detailed Picture of Each of the 5 Systems 3 Web addresses of web sites (for each system) that discuss each system 3 Web addresses of web sites (for each system) that discuss each system