Prakshep Mehta (03307909) Guided By: Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar MIMO Antenna Systems for Wireless Communication Prakshep Mehta (03307909) Guided By: Prof. R.K. Shevgaonkar

Outline Introduction...Why MIMO?? What is MIMO ?? From SISO to MIMO The ”pipe” interpretation To exploit the MIMO channel BLAST Space Time Coding Special Cases Still to Conquer Foschini, Bell Labs 1996 Tarokh, Seshadri & Calderbank 1998

What is MIMO ??

Initial Assumptions Flat fading channel (Bcoh>> 1/ Tsymb) Slowly fading channel (Tcoh>> Tsymb) nr receive and nt transmit antennas Noise limited system (no CCI) Receiver estimates the channel perfectly We consider space diversity only

”Classical” receive diversity H11 H21 = log2[1+(PT/s2)·|H|2] [bit/(Hz·s)] H = [ H11 H21] Capacity increases logarithmically with number of receive antennas...

Multiple Input Multiple Output systems H11 H21 H12 H22 C = log2det[I +(PT/2s2 )·HH†]= Where the i are the eigenvalues to HH† l1 l2 m=min(nr, nt) parallel channels, equal power allocated to each ”pipe” Interpretation: Receiver Transmitter

MIMO capacity in general H unknown at TX H known at TX Where the power distribution over ”pipes” are given by a water filling solution l1 l2 l3 l4 p1 p2 p3 p4 Test tes

The Channel Eigenvalues Orthogonal channels HH† =I, 1= 2= …= m= 1 Capacity increases linearly with min( nr , nt ) An equal amount of power PT/nt is allocated to each ”pipe” Transmitter Receiver

To Exploit the MIMO Channel Bell Labs Layered Space Time Architecture Time s0 s1 s2 V-BLAST D-BLAST Antenna s3 nr  nt required Symbol by symbol detection. Using nulling and symbol cancellation V-BLAST implemented -98 by Bell Labs (40 bps/Hz) If one ”pipe” is bad in BLAST we get errors ... {G.J.Foschini, Bell Labs Technical Journal 1996 }

Solution: BLAST algorithm Idea: NON-LINEAR DETECTOR Step 1: H+ = (HH H)-1 HH Step 2: Find the strongest signal (Strongest = the one with the highest post detection SNR) Step 3: Detect it (Nearest neighbor among Q) Step 4: Subtract it Step 5: if not all yet detected, go to step 2

Space Time Coding Use parallel channel to obtain diversity not spectral efficiency as in BLAST Space-Time trellis codes : coding and diversity gain (require Viterbi detector) Space-Time block codes : diversity gain (use MMSE at Decoder) *{V.Tarokh, N.Seshadri, A.R.Calderbank Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: Performance Criterion and Code Construction , IEEE Trans. On Information Theory March 1998 }

Orthogonal Space-time Block Codes Block of T symbols Constellation mapper STBC Data in nt transmit antennas K input symbols, T output symbols T K R=K/T is the code rate If R=1 the STBC has full rate If T= nt the code has minimum delay Detector is linear !!! Block of K symbols *{V.Tarokh, H.Jafarkhani, A.R.Calderbank Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs, IEEE Trans. On Information Theory June 1999 }

STBC for 2 Transmit Antennas Full rate and minimum delay [ c0 c1 ]  Antenna Time Assume 1 RX antenna: Received signal at time 0 Received signal at time 1

Still to Conquer !! Backward Compatibility Antenna Spacing Complexity at Receiver

”Take- home message” MIMO is the FUTURE