Petroleum Geology Class 745 Petroleum Generation Petroleum Geology Class 745 Spring 2002 Istvan Csato University of South Carolina Department of Geological Sciences

I. Organic Matter II. Petroleum Generation III. Source Rock Evaluation IV. Thermal Maturation Models

Sequence Stratigraphy

Controls on total organic matter Productivity Grain size Sedimentation rate Oxidation/Reduction

Preservation of Organic Matter Demaison and Moore, 1980

Conversion of Organic Matter biopolymers bitumen biomarkers Barker, 1996

II. Petroleum Generation I. Organic Matter II. Petroleum Generation III. Source Rock Evaluation IV. Thermal Maturation Models

Conversion of Kerogen Organic matter: 1% Kerogen 90% Bitumen 10% Barker, 1996

Kerogen Evolution Paths Tissot et al., 1974

Variation of the HC/TOC, Los Angeles and Ventura Basins Philippi, 1965

Depths and Temperatures for Onset of Oil Generation Tissot et al., 1975

General Scheme for Hydrocarbon Formation Tissot et al., 1974

III. Source Rock Evaluation I. Organic Matter II. Petroleum Generation III. Source Rock Evaluation IV. Thermal Maturation Models

Questions for exploration geologist: Does the the rock have sufficient organic matter? Is the organic matter capable of generating? Has this organic matter generated petroleum? Has the generated petroleum migrated out? Is the rock oil-prone or gas-prone?

Quantity of Organic Matter: TOC must be greater than 0.5% Type of Organic Matter:

Thermal Alteration Index, Paris Basin Maturity Thermal Alteration Index, Paris Basin Correia, 1971

Kerogen Maturation Profile, Louisiana Gulf Coast Maturity Kerogen Maturation Profile, Louisiana Gulf Coast Vitrinite: woody, Type III kerogen Barker, 1996

Vitrinite Reflectance Data Maturity Vitrinite Reflectance Data Dow and O’Connor, 1982

Vitrinite Reflectance Profile, Elmsworth Field, Canada Maturity Vitrinite Reflectance Profile, Elmsworth Field, Canada Welte et al., 1984

Disturbing of Vitrinite Reflectance Barker, 1996

Elemental Data For Kerogen Peters, 1986

Pyrolysis Increase of S1 with Depth S2 S1 Tmax Barker, 1996

Pyrolysis Yield of Hydrocarbons with Increasing Temperature Tmax S2 S1 S2/TOC = HI S3/TOC = OI S1 S2 Tmax Barker, 1974

Changes in TR and Tmax Espitalie et al., 1977

HI versus OI Peters, 1986

Evaluation of Geochemical Parameters Peters, 1986

IV. Thermal Maturation Models I. Organic Matter II. Petroleum Generation III. Source Rock Evaluation IV. Thermal Maturation Models

Kinetics of Chemical Reactions KER = BIT + RESIDUE At t=0 KER= Vo, BIT=0 At t>0 KER=Vo-Vt, BIT=Vt dV/dt= k(Vo-Vt) k=A*e[-E/RT] Arrhenius equation R =Gas constant (0.008314 KJ/mol0K) T=absolute temperature E=activation energy A=frequency factor

Activation Energy Barker, 1996

Bond Energies March, 1985

Increasing Reaction Rate with Temperature Barker, 1996

Bitumen Release Curves with Different Activation Energies Barker, 1996

Bitumen Release Curves with Different Frequency Factors Barker, 1996

Increase in Reaction Rate Barker, 1996

Bitumen Release Curves for 8 Parallel Reactions Juntgen and Klein, 1975

Distribution of Activation Energies, Paris Basin Tissot et al., 1987

Temperature Factors used by Lopatin Dmaturity = (Dti)(rni) TTI (Time-Temperature Index) Barker, 1996

Burial History Plot Barker, 1996

Calculated TTI Barker, 1996

Calibration of TTI Waples, 1980

Time-Temperature Reconstruction, Big Horn Basin, Montana Hagen and Surdam, 1984

Kinetic Model of Tissot and Espitalie, 1975

Kinetic Model of Sweeney et al., 1987