Laboratorium Sistem Informasi Pemodelan Enterprise Kridanto Surendro surendro@gmail.com Laboratorium Sistem Informasi STEI - ITB

Tujuan Transformasi Enterprise berbasis TI Model Bisnis Model Proses

Buku Bridgeland, DM & Zahavi. R., Business Modeling, Elsevier, 2009. Lankhorst, M., Enterprise Architecture at Work, Springer, 2005 Holt, J., & Perry, S., Modeling Enterprise Architecture, IET, 2010 BPM CBOK Ver. 2.0

Transformasi ?

Typical way to go to production Applications Design & Development Implementation

SDLC ?

Transformasi ? as is to be

Enterprise Architecture Management Implementation Business Architecture Models & Frameworks for Business Designs Software Components and Runtime Applications Repository of IT Assets for Baseline Management Meeting Business Requirements IT Architecture Strategic Modeling Operational Tactical and Financial Modeling

Models and Frameworks Implementation Enterprise Strategy Business Strategy Enterprise Blueprints Enterprise Architecture Enterprise Management and Continuous Improvement Technology Strategy Strategic Enterprise Plans Change Management Strategy Enterprise Execution Action Projects and Operations

Enterprise

Enterprise Architecture

Enterprise Architecture Business architecture: Major business activities, functions, and their supporting processes. It further translates the business processes into enterprise business requirements that can be organized into functional groupings. These requirements are supported by information flows and package and custom applications. Information architecture: Information flows, data entity relationships, and enabling tools that are dictated by the business processes and activities from the business architecture. Application architecture: Software programs that automate and support business processes; the functions of the applications; articulates the platform where the applications reside; details the set of applications that will support the business in the future; and displays the linkages between both internal applications and the company’s applications and those of its vendors, suppliers, and customers. Technical architecture: The computing infrastructure (i.e., systems software, hardware, network) that supports the information and application architectures.

Software Modeling & Business Modeling

Business Modeling A business model is a simple representation of the complex reality of a business. The primary purpose of a business model is to communicate something about the business to other people: employees, customers, partners, or suppliers.

Business Modeling Business Motivation Models Business Organizations Models Business Process Models Business Rule Models

Soft Systems Methodology systems thinking systems thinking systems thinking

systems theory - systems analysis - management -engineering a well-developed body of theoretical ideas - with many applications: - systems analysis - management -engineering

hard systems thinking hard systems approaches (systems analysis (structured methods), systems engineering, operations research) assume: objective reality of systems in the world well-defined problem to be solved technical factors foremost scientific approach to problem-solving one correct solution

soft systems thinking soft systems approaches (Soft Systems Methodology, soft OR) assume: organisational problems are ‘messy’ (Ackoff), poorly defined stakeholders interpret problems differently (no objective reality) human factors important creative, intuitive approach to problem-solving outcomes are learning, better understanding, rather than a ‘solution’

methodology in SSADM - rigid techniques and procedures to provide unambiguous solutions to well-defined data and processing problems problems, focused on computer implementations in SSM - a loose framework of tools to be used at the discretion of the analyst, focused on improvements to organisational problems

Basic Shape of SSM

Basic Shape of SSM The world interpreted by ideas whose source is the world itself

Basic Shape of SSM The world interpreted by ideas whose source is the world itself (expanded)

Basic Shape of SSM The shift in systemicity between systems engineering and SSM

Basic Shape of SSM Purposeful Holons: Human Activity Systems

SSM - logic stream - cultural stream source: Checkland, SSM in Action

SSM – overview (seven stage model) situation considered problematic problem expressed real world systems thinking about real world conceptual models of systems described in root definitions 4 comparison of models and real world 5 6 changes: systemically desirable, culturally feasible 7 action to improve the problem situation 3 root definition of relevant systems 2 1 source: Checkland: Systems Thinking, Systems Practice

soft problems perceived discomfort poorly defined ‘mess’ (Ackoff) human complications unsuited to hard systems or OR techniques

rich pictures observation boundary idea! coffeetime yet? boundary idea! crossed swords =friction iconic representations - drawn together into a picture which sums up the important elements of the problem situation

rich picture - example

deriving relevant systems relevant systems are conceptual (in-the-mind) models of parts of the problem that are of interest they are models which follow systems principles to help structure the analyst’s impression of the problem - not definitive descriptions of systems in the real world problems can be represented as they are perceived by different stakeholders

root definitions they follow the form: short textual statements which define the important elements of the relevant system being modelled - rather like mission statements they follow the form: a system to do X by (means of) Y in order to Z what the system does - X how it does it - Y why it’s being done - Z

root definition examples primary task (relating to basic tasks and structures) A university owned and operated system to award degrees and diplomas to suitably qualified candidates (X), by means of suitable assessment (Y), (in conformance with national standards), in order to demonstrate the capabilities of candidates to potential employers (Z). issue based (relating to temporary or qualitative concerns, or concerns of judgment) A university owned and operated system to implement a quality service (X), by devising and operating procedures to delight its customers and control its suppliers (Y), in order to improve its educational products (Z).

CATWOE analysis a check to ensure that root definitions contain most of what is important Customers the victims or beneficiaries of T Actors those who do T Transformation input output Weltanschauung the worldview that makes the T meaningful in context Owners those with the power to stop T Environmental elements outside the system which constraints are taken as given, but nevertheless affect its behaviour

The idea of 'transformation process'

example CATWOE E national educational and assessment standards C candidate students A university staff T candidate students degree holders and diplomates W the belief that awarding degrees and diplomas is a good way of demonstrating the qualities of candidates to potential employers O the University governing body E national educational and assessment standards

A root definition, CATWOE and pictorial representation of a fence-painting system

A first model from the root definition A root definition, CATWOE and pictorial representation of a fence-painting system A first model from the root definition

A Final model from the root definition A root definition, CATWOE and pictorial representation of a fence-painting system A Final model from the root definition

activity (conceptual) models representation of the minimum set of activities necessary to ‘do’ the root definition activities modelled by verbs

activity models - symbols verb + noun phrase activity - ‘do something’ A logical dependency arrow - activity A must come before B, or if activity A is done badly - so will B B boundary example use

activity model - example A university owned and operated system to award degrees and diplomas to suitably qualified candidates (X), by means of suitable assessment (Y), (in conformance with national standards), in order to demonstrate the capabilities of candidates to potential employers (Z).

measures of performance E1 - efficacy (does the system work, is the transformation effected)? E2 - efficiency (the relationship between the output achieved and the resources consumed to achieve it) E3 - effectiveness (is the longer term goal (Z) achieved)

measures of performance - example E1 (efficacy) - are degrees and diplomas awarded? E2 (efficiency) - how many degrees and diplomas, of what standard, are awarded for the resource consumed? E3 (effectiveness) - do employers find the degrees and diplomas a useful way of assessing the qualities of potential employees?

the complete conceptual model root definition CATWOE activity model measures of performance

the complete model - example enroll students design education programmes appreciate national standards educate students allot resources and carry out assessment award degrees + diplomas to students reaching acceptable levels monitor for E1, E2, E3 take control action E1 (efficacy) - are degrees and diplomas awarded? E2 (efficiency) - how many degrees and diplomas, of what standard, are awarded for the resource consumed? E3 (effectiveness) - do employers find the degrees and diplomas a useful way of assessing the qualities of potential employees?

levels of resolution each activity may be modelled at a higher level of resolution - in other words a new root definition is prepared specific to that activity and a conceptual model built which further defines the set of (more detailed) activities necessary to accomplish it. in this way complex situations with many activities can be modelled without loosing a sense of the overall shape of the problem

comparison with the real world activity is it done in the real situation? how is it done? comments, recommendations 1 2 3