Correlated: R 2 = 0.90 un-correlated Correlated: R 2 = 0.96 Correlated: R 2 = 0.70 Evidence for Gas-Phase Driven Phytoplankton accumulation of PCBs

Air-Water-Phytoplankton Exchange of POPs Air-water exchange Water-phytoplankton exchange CACA MLD CWCW CPCP F WP F AW -J. Dachs, S.J. Eisenreich, J.E. Baker, F.C. Ko, J.D. Jeremiason. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, , Vertical Flux F Sink

Air-Water Exchange Controls Aquatic Concentrations of POPs (Experimental Lakes Area) Phytoplankton concentrations of PCB 52

Proceso de destilación global

Global Atmospheric Depositional Processes 90N 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 90S 180W 90W 0 90E 180E T (K) Temperature Henry’s Law Constant PCB 52 Air-Water Exchange Latitude

¿Qué explica la distribución global de los contaminantes Orgánicos? TemperaturaProductividad primaria (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center;

90N 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 90S 90N 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 90S 180W 90W 0 90E 180E T (K) U10 ( m s -1 ) Temperature Wind Speed Remote Sensing Measurements October-December 1998

180W 90W 0 90E 180E 90N 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 90S k AW (m d -1 ) Global Variability of k AW PCB 52 Air-Water Exchange Air-Water Fluxes

Air-Water-Phytoplankton Exchange of POPs Air-water exchange Water-phytoplankton exchange CACA MLD CWCW CPCP F WP F AW -J. Dachs, S.J. Eisenreich, J.E. Baker, F.C. Ko, J.D. Jeremiason. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, , k WP = Biomass k u MLD Vertical Flux F Sink

90N 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 90S 180W 90W 0 90E 180E MLD (m) Mixed Layer Depth 90N 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 90S 180W 90W 0 90E 180E Chlorophyll ( mg m -3 ) Chlorophyll Remote Sensing Measurements Water-Phytoplankton Fluxes

180W 90W 0 90E 180E 90N 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 90S k WP (m d -1 ) Global Variability of k WP PCB 52 Water-Phytoplankton Exchange Water-Phytoplankton Fluxes

Air-Water-Phytoplankton Exchange of POPs Air-water exchange Water-phytoplankton exchange MLD -J. Dachs, S.J. Eisenreich, J.E. Baker, F.C. Ko, J.D. Jeremiason. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, , k WP = Biomass k u MLD Vertical Flux CACA CWCW CPCP F WP F AW F Sink

(Lohmann, R., Ockenden, W.A., Shears, J., Jones, K.C. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001) Atmospheric Concentrations of PCBs, Dioxins and Furans Atlantic Ocean Transect (52N-74S) PCB 52PCB 180Cl 4 DD North South Latitude

180W 90W 0 90E 180E 90N 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 90S ng m -2 d -1 Predicted Air-Water and Sinking Fluxes of PCBs, Dioxins and Furans PCB 52 Measured by Gustafsson, Gschwend and Buesseler, Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, , 1997

PCB52 PCB180 PCB52 Latitudinal Variability of Air to Water Fugacity Ratios Atlantic Ocean k AW k Sink

 Benzofluoranthene Flux ng m -2 d -1 mg m -2 d -1 Mass Flux ng m -2 d -1 Biogeochemical Coupling of Atmospheric Deposition and Settling Fluxes Settling Flux Atmospheric Dep. Atm. Dep. Sed. Traps L. Méjanelle, UPMC

PBDE and PAH atmospheric deposition pg m -2 d -1 ng m -2 d Atmospheric Deposition of Polybrominated Biphenyl Ethers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocabons L. Méjanelle, UPMC

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Lohmann, R., K. Breivik, J. Dachs, D. Muir. Environ. Poll Legacy POPsEmerging POPs

T12 R14 R17 T16 T15 T9 R1 T3 R18 T8 R4 R6 T7 T13 T11 T10 T5 T2 TORTOSA LLEIDA ZARAGOZA HUESCA MONZÓN SABIÑÁNIGO PAMPLONA LOGROÑO VITORIA TUDELA T12 R14 R17 T16 T15 T9 R1 T3 R18 T8 R4 R6 T7 T13 T11 T10 T5 T2 TORTOSA LLEIDA ZARAGOZA HUESCA MONZÓN SABIÑÁNIGO PAMPLONA LOGROÑO VITORIA TUDELA T12 R14 R17 T16 T15 T9 R1 T3 R18 T8 R4 R6 T7 T13 T11 T10 T5 T2 TORTOSA LLEIDA ZARAGOZA HUESCA MONZÓN SABIÑÁNIGO PAMPLONA LOGROÑO VITORIA TUDELA Emerging (non-regulated) POPs: Pharmaceuticals in the Ebro River Barceló et al. Personal comunication

Perfluoroalkyl substances are globally distributed, anthropogenic contaminants. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAs) are synthetic, perfluorinated, straight- or branched- chain organic acids characterized by a carboxylate or sulfonate moiety. Surface treatment applications to provide soil, oil and water resistance to personal apparel and home furnishings (e.g. carpet cleaner and Goretex®). on paper products to provide grease, water, and oil resistance to plates, food containers, bags, and wrap (Teflon ®) aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) for fire-fighting,

Air (aerosol + gas phase) Water (particulate + dissolved phase) Simultaneous samples Plankton Mediterranean sampling cruises (June 2006, May 2007) POPs in the Mediterranean Sea

PAHs PCBs GAS PHASE IN AIR (ng/m3) DISSOLVED PHASE IN SURFACE WATER (pg/L) PLANKTON (ng/g) DISSOLVED PHASE IN SURFACE WATER (pg/L) PARTICULATED PHASE IN SURFACE WATER (pg/L) PLANKTON (ng/g) PARTICULATE PHASE IN AIR (ng/m3)

PAH accumulation in plankton depends on planktonic biomass (Berrojalbiz et al. 2010)

Trophic controls on PAH accumulation in plankton (Berrojalbiz et al. 2010)

Trophic controls on PAH accumulation in plankton (Berrojalbiz et al. 2010) Is it due to PAH metabolization?

Trophic controls on POP accumulation in plankton (Berrojalbiz et al. 2010)

Trophic controls on PCB accumulation in plankton (Berrojalbiz et al. 2010)

Trophic controls on POP accumulation in plankton (Berrojalbiz et al. 2010)

Trophic controls on HCHs and HCB accumulation in plankton (Berrojalbiz et al. 2010)

Trophic controls on POP accumulation in plankton (Berrojalbiz et al. 2010)

CGCG CWCW CPCP CACA Air-Water Exchange Water-Particle Partitioning Gas-Particle Partitioning Dry Deposition Wet Deposition Vertical Fluxes Advection Bioaccumulation Continental Inputs Atmospheric Transport Degradation Environmental fate of organic pollutants Major Permanent sinks: - Ocean interior (sediments, deep waters) - Atmospheric OH degradation

Selective Sequestration of Atmospheric POPs in Sediments from High Mountain Lakes (Grimalt et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001) Inventories in sediments vs. Temperature

(Meijer, S. et al. Environ. Pollut. 2006, Meijer et al. Environ Pollut.2009) Selective Sequestration of Atmospheric POPs in Sediments from a modeled Lake (Lake Redó, Pyrenees Mountains)

Controls on the Sequestration of atmospheric POPs in Sediments from High Mountain Lakes (Lake Redo, Pyrenees Mountains) (Meijer, S. et al. Environ. Pollut ) k’ W-Sed /k’ W-Air = 2.5 Fluxes in mg y -1 k’ W-Sed /k’ W-Air = 0.5