CSUSM Smoking and GPA Analysis Business Statistics 304 Walter Evans Farzana Mohsini Sheryl Lejano Ryan Thomas

Three Reasons Students smoke for pleasure. Students’ smoking habits may be tied to a person’s family history. Smoking may depend of student age and knowledge.

Mission Statement Smoking has a negative, positive or neutral impact on the success of students. Our analysis will assist us in planning and implementing smoking intervention programs for Cal State San Marcos. Programs may be helpful in preventing the habit of tobacco use in school. Help us take action in making an effort to inform the council and promote a lesser degree of smoking on campus. Our group would like to determine whether or not smoking on campus is decreasing or increasing and why that is so. To properly evaluate the extensiveness of a student smoker’s habits and the level of success a student has accomplished.

Cal State San Marcos Smoking Survey Gender: Male Female Class:Freshman SophomoreJunior Senior Age: >40 What is your major? _____________ What is your G.P.A.? 3.6 Do you have a family history of smoking?YES NO When I see a person smoking, it… makes him/her more attractive. makes him/her less attractive has no impact on their attractiveness. Would you date a person who is smoker? YES NO Do you smoke tobacco? YES NO If YES, how many times do you smoke a day? 1-3 times 4-6 times 7-9 times >10 times How long have you been smoking? 10 years Thank you for your help on this research project! It is greatly appreciated!

Excel Spreadsheet Set-up # Gender Class Age Major G.P.A. History Attractiveness Date? Smoke Per Day Years

Related Information Causes for Smoking. Time of day (cigarettes/day) Duration of smoking Family History of smoking Student smoking percentage number of student smokers Given the nature and the student lifestyle, we expect 17% of our surveyed sample to be smokers. Proceed in our research by surveying 105 students on campus to operate as a sample for the standard population of the school.

Background Information/Factors Health risks (first and second hand) Cancer susceptibility based on time spent on campus in direct connection with smoking Comparing and contrasting smoker comfort versus non-smoker discomfort Non-smokers hidden annoyances toward smoking Smoker’s Nonsmokers awareness of nonsmokers smokers Determining possible reasons for smoking (stress, habit, social conformity?)

Mean, Variance, Frequency and Mode

Mean for Age Used midpoints Total, Non-Smoking, & Smoking Mean Total Students Age# of Students >405 Mean Mean Non-Smoking Age# of Students >405 Mean Mean Smoking Age# of Students >400 Mean

Mean, Variance & Standard Deviation for GPA Used Midpoints Total, Non-Smoking, & Smoking Mean GPA Total < > Mean Variance Std Dev Mean GPA Smoking < > 3.60 Mean Variance Std Dev Mean GPA Non- Smoking < > Mean Variance Std Dev

Mean Standard Deviation and Frequency Mean = Standard Deviation =

Mean Standard Deviation and Frequency Mean = Standard Deviation =

Mean Standard Deviation and Frequency Mean = Standard Deviation =

Mean Standard Deviation and Frequency Mean = Standard Deviation =

Mean Standard Deviation and Frequency Mean = Standard Deviation =

Mean Standard Deviation and Frequency Mean = Standard Deviation =

Mean Standard Deviation and Frequency Mean = Standard Deviation =

Mean Standard Deviation and Frequency Mean = 3.4 Standard Deviation =

Mean Standard Deviation and Frequency

Conditional Probability Conditional Probability Rules: 15 Smokers90 Nonsmokers 11 Smoker Male 4 Smoker Female Total Population: 43 Female 62 Males Continuous Variables Probability Rule 4: Addition Rule for Any Two Events, E1 and E2 P(E1 or E2)=P(E1)+P(E2)-P(E1 and E2).

Mutually Exclusive Events Probability Rule 5: Addition Rule for Mutually Exclusive Events Two Mutually Exclusive Events E1 and E2 ↑ E1 and E2 E1E2

Conditional Probability Table 1. SmokerNonsmoker Male1151Total 105 Female439 Table 2. GPA>3.0GPA<3.0 Smoking Male74Total 15 Smokers Smoking Female22

Graphical Representation GPA>3.0GPA<3.0 Smoking Male74Total 15 Smokers Smoking Female22

Graphical Representation GPA>3.0GPA<3.0 Smoking Male74Total 15 Smokers Smoking Female22

Conditional Probability Table 3. GPA>3.0GPA<3.0Total 90 Nonsmokers Nonsmoking Male Males Nonsmoking Female30939 Females

Conditional Probability Table 5. Age > 20Age ≤20Total 105 Male Males Female Females Table 6. Age > 20Age ≤20Total 15 Male Smokers83 11 Males Smokers Female Smokers22 4 Females Smokers

Conditional Probability Event 1= Male P(E1)=62/ Event 2= Female P(E2)=43/105 P(E1 or E2)=P(E1)+P(E2)-P(E1 and E2) =1.0 Probability of Either a Male or Female

Conditional Probability P(E1 and E2) 4/105=.0380 Probability of Female and Smoker Event 1= Female P(E1)=43/ Event 2=Smoker P(E2)=15/ P(E1 or E2)=P(E1)+P(E2)-P(E1 and E2) = Probability of Either Female or smoker

Conditional Probability P(E1 and E2) 11/105= Probability of Male and Smoker Event 1= Male P(E1)=62/ Event 2=Smoker P(E2)=15/ P(E1 or E2)=P(E1)+P(E2)-P(E1 and E2) = Probability of Either Male or Smoker

Gender Vs. GPA (Male) Event 1= Male P(E1)=62/ Probability Event 2= GPA > 3.0 P(E2)=77/ Probability P(E1 and E2) 45/105= Probability of Male and GPA > 3.0

Gender Vs. GPA (Female) Event 1= Female P(E1)=43/ Event 2= GPA > 3.0 P(E2)=77/ Probability P(E1 and E2) 32/105= Probability of Female and GPA > 3.0

Smoking Vs. GPA (Male) Event 1= Male Smoker 11/105= Probability of Male and Smoker Event 2= GPA > 3.0 P(E2)=77/ Probability P(E1 and E2) 7/105= Probability of Male Smoker and GPA > 3.0

Smoking Vs. GPA (Female) Event 1= Female Smoker 4/105=.0380 Probability of Female and Smoker Event 2= GPA > 3.0 P(E2)=77/ Probability P(E1 and E2) 2/105=.0190 Probability of Female Smoker and GPA > 3.0

Binomial Formula P(x) n x ! nx pq x n x ! ()! = - - n= Random Sample Size x= Number of successes n-x= Number of Failures p= probability of a success q=1-p = Probability of a failure n!=n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)…1 0!=1 by definition E-06 Random 30 variable sample FACTORIAL P(x)= 30!( ) power of 4( ) power of 26 4!(30-4)!4.16E

Sampling Error TotalNon-smokersSmokers Population Mean Sample Mean Error Comparing GPA to non-smokers and smokers. Using a Cluster Sample technique and a random number generator Population size (105) Sample sizes: Total (30), non-smokers (20), and smokers (5 )

Margin of Error Margin of error in GPA compared to non-smokers and smokers. Population size (105) Sample sizes : Total (30), non-smokers (20), and smokers (5) TotalNon-SmokersSmokers Population Mean Population S.D Sample Mean Confidence Interval95% Margin of Error Range3.00 – – – 3.43

Hypothesis test non-smokers Lower tail t-test Null Hypothesis of a 2.00 GPA If lower, then reject. Level of significance (0.02) TotalNon-smokers Data Null Hypothesis  = 2 Level of Significance0.02 Sample Size30 Sample Mean3.13 Sample Standard Deviation Intermediate Calculations Standard Error of the Mean Degrees of Freedom29 t Test Statistic Lower-Tail Test Lower Critical Value p-Value1 Do not reject the null hypothesis Data Null Hypothesis  = 2 Level of Significance0.02 Sample Size20 Sample Mean3.1 Sample Standard Deviation Intermediate Calculations Standard Error of the Mean Degrees of Freedom19 t Test Statistic Lower-Tail Test Lower Critical Value p-Value1 Do not reject the null hypothesis

Hypothesis test smokers Lower tail t-test Null Hypothesis of a 2.00 GPA If lower, then reject. Level of significance (0.02) TotalSmokers Data Null Hypothesis  = 2 Level of Significance0.02 Sample Size30 Sample Mean3.13 Sample Standard Deviation Intermediate Calculations Standard Error of the Mean Degrees of Freedom29 t Test Statistic Lower-Tail Test Lower Critical Value p-Value1 Do not reject the null hypothesis Data Null Hypothesis  = 2 Level of Significance0.02 Sample Size5 Sample Mean3.08 Sample Standard Deviation Intermediate Calculations Standard Error of the Mean Degrees of Freedom4 t Test Statistic Lower-Tail Test Lower Critical Value p-Value Do not reject the null hypothesis

Correlation GPA of non-smokers

Correlation GPA and smokers

Correlation Regression

Conclusion There is no correlation between smoker and non-smoker Based on our data, mean for smokers has a lower GPA compare to non-smokers Although our data revealed a low percentage of smokers within a 105 person population as a group based on this result we conclude the percentage of smoking amongst the campus population is relatively low.

Suggestion Make smoker-free campus. Switch the smoking designated area - General Lots - (Lots J, K, L, N, O, X, Y, and Z ). Promote non- smoking habit by encouraging students.