LDH converts pyruvate to lactate, restoring the pool of NAD+ pg 547
What about when pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm…? pg 547
Glycerol 3-P shuttle fig19-30
Malate-aspartate shuttle fig19-29
Malate-aspartate shuttle
Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying process NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH OAA OAA
Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying process with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu malate NADH NAD+ OAA Asp aKG Glu
Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying process NAD+ NAD+ NADH NADH OAA OAA
with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu
with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu
with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu NH3 group from Asp to aKG NH3 group from Glu to OAA
Malate-aspartate shuttle viewed as e- carrying process with set of transaminations between OAA/Asp, and aKG/Glu malate NADH NAD+ OAA Asp aKG Glu
Malate-aspartate shuttle fig19-29
coupling is… chemiosmotic
e- flow is coupled to ATP production
Why does limited ADP decrease the rate of resp. chain? ACCEPTOR CONTROL fig19-33 bottom or…
NADH and ATP/ADP levels directly affect the Krebs cycle… low ADP NADH fig19-33 middle
NADH and ATP/ADP levels directly affect the Krebs cycle… ATP ADP fig19-33 middle
and glycolysis is similarly affected by ATP citrate and NADH fig19-33 top
regulation of all three phases of glucose break- down: a combination of effects of a number of molecules, including NADH, ATP, citrate, acetyl-CoA fig19-33 the whole darn thing…
Nature’s electric blanket use of uncoupling for a biological purpose fig19-34
mitochondrial roles in The “new” field of mitochondrial medicine mitochondrial roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death) diabetes ageing Parkinsonism
Anabolism!!! part II intro fig4
Carbohydrate synthesis in the biosphere fig 14-15
Gluconeogenesis anabolic production of glucose
Carbohydrates a two-lane highway… what determines these special steps? fig 14-16
The glycolysis energy landscape (pyruvate set to 0)
Three big steps down… or up table 14-2
First bypass fig 14-17
First bypass fig 14-17
First bypass, second step fig 14-17
Two ways to make PEP… fig 14-19
two fates for pyruvate fig 15-20
table 14-4
Three big steps on the way up… fig 14-16 top
Remember regulation of PFK-1?? fig 15-15
Fructose bisphosphate is at a key position in both cat and ana
When glucose is abundant, so is F2,6BP F2,6BP accelerates PFK-1 fig15-16
When glucose is low, so is F2,6BP F2,6BP inhibits FBPase fig 15-16
When glucose is low, so is F2,6BP When glucose is abundant, so is F2,6BP fig 15-16
pg 581
Separate distinct enzyme activities control Fr2,6BP levels fig 15-17
…and hormones control these enzymes fig 15-17
Glycogen: the glucose buffer…
Glycogen granules ~ 1600 glucose monomers per granule
fig 7-14
Glycogen in real life…
How is glycogen synthesized? -sequential addition of glucose to a growing a1-4 linked linear polymer glycogenin, then glycogen synthase -creation of branches composed of a1-6 linkages branching enzyme
Glucose ends… O 1 2 3 4 5 6 non- reducing end reducing end
polymer ends… fig 7-14
pg 597
addition of UDP carrier to glucose-1-P fig 15-29
addition of glucose monomers to the growing glycogen chain fig 15-30
Glycogen branching enzyme creates branches fig 15-31
Glycogen branching enzyme creates branches 10 a1 4 3 7 a1 6 fig 15-9
How is glycogen broken down? -sequential removal of glucose-1P from the non-reducing end glycogen phosphorylase -dismantling of those pesky branches debranching enzyme
fig 14-11
debranching enzyme removes branches fig 15-26
7 4 7 1 Debranching enzyme removes branches a1 4 a1 6 a1 4 a1 4 a1 6 free glucose 4 a1 6 a1 4 7 a1 4 1 a1 6 transferase activity a1-6 glucosidase
Allosteric control of glycogen phosphorylase fig 15-36
Hormonal control of glycogen phosphorylase fig 15-34
regulation of glycogen synthase by phos- phorylation as well… fig 15-37
Liver glucose metabolism fig 23-13
Blood glucose level is critical and stringently regulated fig 23-23
The Cori cycle fig 23-20
Liver as a "glucostat" low blood glucose high blood glucose
Glucagon: the hormone of starvation phosphorylation of enzymes alteration of fructose 2,6 bis P
Insulin: the hormone of plenty
fig 23-24