Design should address: UNDERSTRENGTH OVERLOAD DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES Design should address: UNDERSTRENGTH OVERLOAD Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Plastic Design (Collapse Design) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Required Strength Available Strength (Nominal Resistance)

Allowable Stress Design (ASD) - AISCS 1923 Philosophy: Maximum stress must not exceed allowable stress Fmax : maximum stresses due to working loads Fall : allowable stresses F.S. : Factor of Safety > 1 (understrength) Flim : Limit of Usefulness (Fy Fu Fcr etc) Can be expressed in terms of Strength

Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Comments Real Safety Against Failure is Unknown Conservative One Load Factor for All Load Types

Plastic Design (PD) - AISCS 1963 Takes Advantage of Ductility and Ultimate Strength Philosophy: Limit of Structural Usefulness is load Pu that causes a plastic mechanism to form Failure Load Reaches failure under factored loads but safe under service loads

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) - 1986 Makes full use of test information, design experience, engineering judgment Probabilistic Analysis Limit State: Describe a condition at which a structure or part of it ceases to perform the intended function

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) - 1986 Typical Strength Limit States Plastic Strengths Buckling Fracture Fatigue Overturning Typical Serviceability Limit States (under normal service loads) Excessive Deflections Slipping Vibrations Cracking Deterioration

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) - 1986 For Each Limit State LRFD Satisfies Rn : nominal resistance Qi : applied loads f : resistance factor < 1 (understrength) g : load factor > 1 (overload)

AISC Manual AISC Specification Design Aids Catalog of most widely available structural shapes Editions 1-9 ->ASD Editions 10, 11, 12 -> LRFD Edition 1, 2, 3 Current Edition 13 incorporates ASD and LRFD

AISC Manual Part 1 – Dimensions and Properties Part 2 – General Design Considerations Part 3 – Design of Flexural members Part 4 – Design of Compression Members Part 5 – Design of Tension Members Part 6 – Design of Members Subject to Combined Loading Parts 7 to 15 – Connections Part 16 Specifications and Codes Part 17 Misc. Data and Mathematical Information

AISC Specifications (PART 16 of Manual) Main Body Alphabetically organized to chapters A-M Major Headings labeled with chapter designation followed by number Further subdivisions are numerically labeled Appendices Appendices 1-7 Commentary Background and elaboration on provisions of the Specification. Organized in the same way as the specification

Design Requirements Specifications - Chapter B B1 General Provisions B2 Loads and Load Combinations (LRFD or ASD) Applicable building codes In the absence use SEI/ASCE 7 B3 Design Basis B3.1 Required Strength: Required strength determined by structural analysis based on load combinations B3.2 Limit State: No applicable strength or serviceability limit state shall be exceeded when structure subjected to all load combinations B3.3 Design for Strength Using LRFD B3.4 Design for Strength Using ASD B3.5 Design for Stability etc

Design for Strength ASD LRFD

Load Combinations - LRFD Manual – Part 2 page 2-8 for LRFD

Load Combinations - ASD Manual – Part 2 page 2-9 for ASD

Resistance Factors f (Manual pp. 2-9) LRFD f=0.9 for limit states involving yielding f=0.75 for limit states involving rupture ASD W=1.67 for limit states involving yielding W=2.0 for limit states involving rupture

LRFD – Probabilistic Approach Structural Safety: Acceptably small probability of Q (demand) exceeding R (resistance) Load and Resistance Factors assure that probability is negligibly small

LRFD - Design Criteria

LRFD - Design Criteria b: Safety Index or reliability index The larger the safer

LRFD - Design Criteria For Example

EXAMPLES

Example I A floor system has W24x55 sections spaced 8 ft on center supporting a dead load 50 psf and live load 80 psf. The W sections are simply supported. Determine nominal moment capacity 4’ 8’ 4’

Example II