Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics 2 nd Workshop on Ion Beam Instrumentation LULI, Paris, June 7 th – 8 th, 2012

Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) 2006 – ELI on ESFRI Roadmap ELI-PP (FP7) ELI - Beamlines (Czech Republic) ELI - Attoseconds (Hungary) ELI - Nuclear Physics (Romania) Project Approved by the European Competitiveness Council (December 2009) ELI-DC (Delivery Consortium): April

 February-April 2010 Scientific case “White Book” (100 scientists, 30 institutions) ( approved by ELI-NP International Scientific Advisory Board  August 2010 Feasibility Study  December 2010 – Romanian Government: ELI-NP priority project  August 2011 – March 2012 Technical Design  January 2012 Submission of the application for funding  March 2012 Detailed technical design of the buildings. 3

ELI-NP NUCLEAR Tandem acc. Cyclotron γ – Irradiator Adv. Detectors Life & Env. Radioisotopes Reactor (decomm.) Waste Proc. ring rail/road BUCHAREST Lasers Plasma Optoelectronics Material Physics Theoretical Physics Particle Physics Bucharest-Magurele Physics Campus National Physics Institutes

Large equipments:  Ultra-short pulse high power laser system, 2 x 10PW maximum power, ultrashort pulses (300J, 30fs)  Gamma radiation beam, high intensity and collimation, tunable energy up to 20MeV, bandwidth Buildings – special requirements, 33000sqm total Experiments  8 experimental areas, for gamma, laser, and gamma+laser 5

Oscillators +OPCPA preamps multi-PW block Apollon-type Flashlamp based 400mJ/ 10Hz/ <20fs Combined laser- gamma experiments Gamma/e- experiments Multi-PW experiments High rep-rate laser experiments 0.1 – 1 PW Oscillators + OPCPA preamps 300J/ 0.01Hz/ <30fs e - accelerator Warm linac multi-PW block Apollon-type Flashlamp based Laser DPSSL 10J/>100Hz Gamma beam Compton based 0.1 – 20MeV 1PW block Ti:Sapph Flashlamp based 1PW block Apollon-type Flashlamp based 1PW block Ti:Sapph Flashlamp based 1PW block Apollon-type Flashlamp based 30J/ 0.1Hz/ <30fs ELI-NP Facility Concept 6

ELI-NP Main buildings  Lasers  Gamma and experiments  Laboratories  Unique architecture

ELI – Nuclear Physics Research  Nuclear Physics experiments to characterize laser – target interaction  Photonuclear reactions  Exotic Nuclear Physics and astrophysics complementary to other NP large facilities (FAIR, SPIRAL2)  Applications based on high intensity laser and very brilliant γ beams complementary to the other ELI pillars ELI-NP in Romania in ‘Nuclear Physics Long Range Plan in Europe’ as a major facility 8

Advances in lasers science Gerard Mourou, 1985: Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) 9

+- 1) pushes the electrons; 2)The charge separation generates an electrostatic longitudinal field: (Wake Fields or Snow Plough) 3) The electrostatic field: Particle acceleration by laser Particle acceleration by laser (Tajima, Dawson 1979) 10 Wake – field acceleration Secondary target Target normal sheats acceleration (TNSA) Radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) E~I laser 1/2 -> secondary radiations E~ I laser Electrons and ions accelerated at solid state densities cm -3

 Collimated beams were obtained, even of the size of the incident laser beam  The energies up to hundreds of MeV at high-power lasers (VULCAN, etc.)  Intensities may go up to particles/laser pulse Esarey, Schroeder, and Leemans Rev. Mod. Phys., Vol. 81, No. 3, 2009 Laser intensity ~ W/cm 2 Electrons Electrons 11

Heavy ion beams at LULI (France) Laser pulses: 30 J, 300 fs, 1.05 μm => 5x10 19 W/cm 2. Target: 1 μm C on rear side of 50 μm W foils Detection: Thomson parabola spectrometers + CR-39 track detectors Protons come from surface contamination Heating the target the protons are removed and heavy ions are better accelerated Protons, heavy ions Protons, heavy ions 12

Maximum energy scales with laser beam intensity approximately as I 0.5 TNSA at work at intensities of – W/cm 2 Proton acceleration Proton acceleration 13 T. Lin et al., 2004, Univ. of Nebraska Digital Commons

Plateau of proton energy with increasing foil thickness Graphs show results for multi-TW-class lasers Proton acceleration Proton acceleration 14 T. Lin et al., 2004, Univ. of Nebraska Digital Commons LLNL 100fs, W/cm 2 (2001) Hercules laser, Michigan, 3x10 20 W/cm 2, 30fs

Dependence of maximum energy function of the ion species Graphs show results for multi-TW-class lasers Ion beam acceleration Ion beam acceleration 15 Vulcan 50TW, Appleton Lab, 2x10 19 W/cm 2, thick lead target Mylar target irradiated with a W/cm 2 laser pulse

Compton backscattering is the most efficient « frequency amplifier » w diff =4g e 2 w laser E e =300 MeV and optical laser g e ~ 600 => E g > 3 MeV but very weak cross section: cm 2 Therefore for a powerful γ beam, one needs: - high intensity electron beams - very brilliant optical photon beams - very small collision volume - very high repetition frequency e   16

gs ´´  Separation threshold AXAX A´ Y  Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF) Photoactivation Photodisintegration  Absorption (-activation) ´´ 17

Particle beams E6 E1 E5 E4 E3 E2 E7 E8  E1: laser-induced nuclear reactions – multi-PW laser experiments protons E /pulse, div 40°, FWHM 300MeV electrons up to 1.5GeV, I ~ /pulse, div 40°, FWHM 150MeV  E6: Intense electron and gamma beams induced by high power laser: electrons E < 40GeV, I < /pulse, div 1°, FWHM 1MeV  E4/E5: Accelerated particle beams induced by high power laser beams (0,1/1 PW) at high repetition rates (10/1Hz): Protons 100MeV, I ~ – / pulse, div 40°, FWHM 10MeV e - 50MeV-5GeV, I < 4*10 10 /pulse, div 1°-40° Thermal electrons, I ~ 10 7 / pulse, div < 3°

Secondary particles E6 E1 E5 E4 E3 E2 E7 E8  Additionally, in E7 (Experiments with combined laser and gamma beams) and E8 (Nuclear reactions induced by high energy gamma beams), secondary particles will be created  Low intensities  Photodisintegration, photo-fission (E8)  Laser focused in vacuum (E7)  Laser-accelerated particles (E1, E6, E4, E5)  Background may pose problems to particle detection

Stand-alone High Power Laser Experiments  Nuclear Techniques for Characterization of Laser-Induced Radiations  Modelling of High-Intensity Laser Interaction with Matter  Stopping Power of Charged Particles Bunches with Ultra-High Density  Laser Acceleration of very dense Electrons, Protons and Heavy Ions Beams  Laser-Accelerated Th Beam to produce Neutron-Rich Nuclei around the N = 126 Waiting Point of the r-Process via the Fission-Fusion Reaction  A Relativistic Ultra-thin Electron Sheet used as a Relativistic Mirror for the Production of Brilliant, Intense Coherent γ-Rays  Studies of enhanced decay of 26 Al in hot plasma environments 20

Laser + γ /e− Beam  Probing the Pair Creation from the Vacuum in the Focus of Strong Electrical Fields with a High Energy γ Beam  The Real Part of the Index of Refraction of the Vacuum in High Fields: Vacuum Birefringence  Cascades of e + e − Pairs and γ -Rays triggered by a Single Slow Electron in Strong Fields  Compton Scattering and Radiation Reaction of a Single Electron at High Intensities  Nuclear Lifetime Measurements by Streaking Conversion Electrons with a Laser Field. 21

Standalone γ /e experiments for nuclear spectroscopy and astrophysics  Measuring Narrow Doorway States, embedded in Regions of High Level Density in the First Nuclear Minimum, which are identified by specific (γ, f), (γ, p), (γ, n) Reactions  Study of pygmy and giant dipole resonances  Gamma scattering on nuclei  Fine-structure of Photo-response above the Particle Threshold: the (γ,α), (γ,p) and (γ,n)  Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence on Rare Isotopes and Isomers  Neutron Capture Cross Section of s-Process Branching Nuclei with Inverse Reactions  Measurements of (γ, p) and (γ, α) Reaction Cross Sections for p-Process Nucleosynthesis 22

Applications  Laser produced charged particle beams may become an attractive alternative for large scale conventional facilities  Laser-driven betatron radiation - gamma beams  High Resolution, high Intensity X-Ray Beam  Intense Brilliant Positron-Source: 10 7 e + /[s(mm mrad) 2 0.1%BW]  Radioscopy and Tomography  Materials research in high intensity radiation fields  Applications of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence 23

Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence Applications Management of Sensitive Nuclear Materials and Radioactive waste - isotope-specific identification 238 U/ 235 U, 239 Pu, - scan containers for nuclear material and explosives Burn-up of nuclear fuel rods - fuel elements are frequently changed in position to obtain a homogeneous burn-up - measuring the final 235 U, 238 U content may allow to use fuel elements 20% longer - more nuclear energy without additional radioactive waste 24

Radioisotopes for medical use Ageing nuclear reactors that currently produce medical radioisotopes, growing demand – shortages very likely in the future New approaches and methods for producing radioisotopes urgently needed Feasibility of producing a viable and reliable source of photo fission / photo nuclear- induced Mo-99 and other medical isotopes used globally for diagnostic medical imaging and radiotherapy is sought Producing of medical radioisotopes via the (γ, n) reactions e.g. 100 Mo(γ, n) 99 Mo 195m Pt: In chemotherapy of tumors it can be used to label platinum cytotoxic compounds for pharmacokinetic studies in order to exclude ”nonresponding” patients from unnecessary chemotherapy and optimizing the dose of all chemotherapy 25

Materials Science and Engineering Due to the extreme fields intensity provided by the combination of laser and gamma-ray beams, novel experimental studies of material behavior can be devised to understand, at the atomic scale, the behavior of materials subject to extreme radiation doses and mechanical stress in order to synthesize new materials that can tolerate such conditions Extremely BRIlliant Neutron-Source produced via the (γ,n) Reaction without Moderation The structure and sometimes dynamics investigations by thermal neutrons scattering are among the obligatory requirements in production of the new materials An Intense BRIlliant Positron-Source produced via the (γ, e + e − ) Reaction (BRIP) – polarized positron beam – microscopy 26

Astrophysics – related studies Production of heavy elements in the Universe – a central question for Astrophysics Neutron Capture Cross Section of s-Process Branching Nuclei with Inverse Reactions the single studies on long-lived branching points (e.g. 147 Pm, 151 Sm, 155 Eu) showed that the recommended values of neutron capture cross sections in the models differ by up to 50% from the experimentally determined values the inverse (γ,n) reaction could be used to decide for the most suitable parameter set and to predict a more reliable neutron capture cross section using these input values Measurements of (γ, p) and (γ, α) Reaction Cross Sections for p-Process Nucleosynthesis determination of the reaction rates by an absolute cross section measurement is possible using monoenergetic photon beams produced at ELI-NP tremendous advance to measure these rates directly broad database of reactions – high intense γ beam needed 27

ELI-NP Timeline June 2012: Launch of large tender procedures September 2012 – September 2014: Construction of buildings 2014: TDRs for experiments ready July 2015: Lasers and Gamma Beam – end of Phase 1 December 2016 : Lasers and Gamma beam Phase 2 January 2017: Beginning of operation 28

Thank you!

Experiment Theory 2D PIC simulations RPA in DLC foils RPA in DLC foils 33

 aim: determination of transition strengths: need absolute values for ground state transition width  NRF-experiments give product with branching ratio:  assumption:  no transition in low-lying states observed  but: many small branchings in other states?  self-absorption: measurement of absolute ground state transition widths ELI WorkshopNorbert Pietralla, TU Darmstadt 34