GACE Review Mary Garner, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Mathematics and Statistics Kennesaw State University

Gace Review Philosophy/overall plan Friends and materials Two tests (Number concepts, algebra, precalculus and calculus on test 1 and geometry, measurement, data analysis and probability on test 2). Test is designed around 16 objectives. Two of the objectives will be incorporated in the review of all topics: – Understand how to use a variety of representations to communicate mathematical ideas and concepts and connections between them. – Understand mathematical reasoning, the construction of mathematical arguments, and problem-solving strategies in mathematics and other contexts.

GACE Review Day 1 (Test 1) Understand number operations and basic principles of number theory. Understand the real and complex number systems. Understand algebraic operations and properties of functions and relations. Understand properties of linear equations, inequalities, and systems. Understand properties of quadratic functions. Understand properties of nonlinear functions. Understand properties of trigonometric functions and identities.

GACE Review Day 2 (Test 2) Understand methods of collecting, organizing, and describing data. Understand the theory and applications of probability. Understand the process of analyzing and interpreting data to make statistical inferences.

GACE Review Day 3 (Test 2) Understand the principles of measurement. Understand principles of Euclidean geometry. Understand coordinate and transformational geometry.

GACE Review Day 4 You select one or more: – Understand principles and applications of calculus. OR – Revisit problems concerning complex numbers, parametric and polar forms, vectors, matrices. OR – Go back to a topic from the previous days, or a topic other than trig or calculus that was treated lightly or not at all on the previous days.

GACE Review Day 1 (Test 1) Number Concepts and Operations Understand number operations and basic principles of number theory. Understand the real and complex number systems. Algebra Understand algebraic operations and properties of functions and relations. Understand properties of linear equations, inequalities, and systems. Understand properties of quadratic functions. Precalculus Understand properties of nonlinear functions. Understand properties of trigonometric functions and identities.

GACE Review Day 1 (Test 1) Number Concepts Integers {… -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …} Rational { p/q : p and q are integers and q is not zero} Note: decimal representation repeating or terminating Irrational – not rational, so they cannot be represented in the form p/q where p and q are integers and q is not zero Note: decimal representation non-repeating Whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, …} Non-negative integers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4 …} Natural numbers (also counting numbers) {1, 2, 3, 4, …}

GACE Review Day 1 (Test 1) Number Concepts Prime {x : x is not 1 and x is divisible by only x and 1} Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic -- Every positive integer (except 1) is either prime or can be uniquely factored as a product of primes Real numbers – all rational and irrational numbers Note: representation on a real number line Complex numbers – numbers than can be written in the form a +bi where a and b are real and i is defined as the square root of -1 Note: representation in the plane, vector form…

GACE Review Day 1 (Test 1) Operations and Algebra Properties: (see next slide) closure commutative distributive inverse identity associative Complex numbers modulus conjugate Trig form, rectangular form Powers of i

From: rg/algebra/numbers/propert ies_of_real_numbers1.htm

GACE Review Day 1 (Test 1) Algebra Simplifying and evaluating algebraic equations and solving equations – applying properties of real numbers. Direct and inverse proportional relationships – specific case of a linear function. Binomial theorem and Pascal’s triangle.

GACE Review Day 1 (Test 1) Precalculus=FUNCTIONS Linear, quadratic, absolute value, square root, exponential, logarithmic, polynomial, rational, trigonometric Representation in graphs, tables, algebra. Domain, range, zeroes, intercepts, intervals of increase or decrease, maxima and minima, end behavior, symmetry, inverse, asymptotes, rate of change Composition of functions Transformations of functions Sequences as functions/recursive form

Linear F(x) = mx + b Largest possible domain: all real numbers (If domain is {1, 2, 3, …} then function is an arithmetic sequence.) Largest possible range: all real numbers as long as m is not zero (If domain is limited then range will be limited.) Zeroes (x intercepts): x = -b/m Y intercepts: y = b Intervals of increase or decrease: increasing over all real numbers if m is positive, decreasing over all real numbers if m is negative Maxima and minima: none as long as domain is not limited. Rate of change: constant End behavior Symmetry Inverse

GACE Review Day 1 (Test 1) Transformations Horizontal shift: f(x+c) Vertical shift: f(x) + c Vertical stretch or shrink: af(x) Horizontal stretch or shrink: f(bx)

F(x) = 2 x G(x) = 2 (x-3)

F(x) = 2 x G(x) = 2 x + 3

F(x) = 2 x G(x) = 3(2 x )

F(x) = 2 x G(x) = 2 (3x)

F(x) = 2 2x-4 = 2 2(x-2) G(x) = 2 (2(x-4))

Start with F(x) aF(b(x-c)) + d represents what transformations?

GACE Review Day 1 (Test 1) Matrices Representation Operations – addition, multiplication

Law of large numbers – – I rolled a die twelve times: – What is the empirical probability of rolling a 6? Is it the same as the theoretical probability? Central Limit Theorem – Suppose I repeatedly rolled a die for a really long time and then took the mean of all the results? What would be the “expected value”? – Suppose instead, I roll a die four times, take the mean, and do this again 40 times.

My results: 2316, 1146, 6221, 1513, 2616, 4265, 2266,1156,4216,2312,6344,1115,5631,3654,4 655,4324,6133, 2563, 3244,5536,4335,… Mean of 3, 3, 2.75, 2.5, 3.75, 4.25, 4,3.25, 3.25, 2, 4.25, 2, 3.75, 4.5, 5, 3.25, 3.25, 4, 3.25, 4.75, 3.75, …

Statistics Suppose we want to estimate the average weight of an adult male in Dekalb County, Georgia. We draw a random sample of 1,000 men from a population of 1,000,000 men and weigh them. We find that the average man in our sample weighs 180 pounds, and the standard deviation of the sample is 30 pounds. What is the 95% confidence interval. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) None of the above

GACE Review Day 3 Data and Analysis and Probability answers: GACE and PRAXIS – note #67 on GACE is also #16 on Praxis Note page 203 GACE birthday problem #72 ayprob.html

Birthday Problem “The first person can have any birthday. That gives him 365 possible birthdays out of 365 days, so the probability of the first person having the "right" birthday is 365/365, or 100%. The second person's birthday has to be different. There are 364 different days to choose from, so the chance that two people have different birthdays is 364/365. That leaves 363 birthdays out of 365 open for the third person. To find the probability that both the second person and the third person will have different birthdays, we have to multiply: (365/365) * (364/365) * (363/365) = / , which is about 99.18%. If we want to know the probability that four people will all have different birthdays, we multiply again: (364/365) * (363/365) * (362/365) = / , or about 98.36%.”

Suppose a committee of 12 people wants to form a subcommittee of 3 people. How many ways can this be done? Suppose a president, vice-president and secretary must be selected from a committee of 12 people?

GACE Review Day 3 Data and Analysis and Probability answers: GACE and PRAXIS – note #67 on GACE is also #16 on Praxis Note page 203 GACE birthday problem #72 ayprob.html Measurement and Geometry

GACE Review Day 3 Measurement and Geometry – Parallel lines (2) – Triangles – congruence & similarity (GACE 57, Ga constructed response, 15 & 16) – Circle theorems (and radians vs. degrees) (18) (GACE 56 57) – 3 D (3) – Perimeter, area, volume (1, 4, 5) – Conic sections (24, 25, 27, 22, GACE 63 64) – Law of sines, law of cosines, Pythagorean theorem, trig…solving triangles

GACE Review Day 4 Measurement and Geometry – Conic sections (24, 25, 27, 22, GACE 63 64) – Law of sines, law of cosines, Pythagorean theorem, basic trigonometry…solving triangles – The unit circle Calculus – Limits – Derivatives – Integrals

GACE Review Day 4 0Transcendentals/upfiles/ess-reviewofconics.pdf

GACE Review Day 4 A circle can be defined as the set of points equidistant from a “center.” A parabola can be defined as all the set of points equidistant from a “directrix” and a “focus”. An ellipse can be defined as the set of all points such that the SUM of the distances from the point to each “foci” is constant. A hyperbola can be defined as the set of all points such that the DIFFERENCE of the distances from the point to each “foci” is constant.

GACE Review Day 4 Measurement and Geometry – Conic sections (24, 25, 27, 22, GACE 63 64) – Law of sines, law of cosines, Pythagorean theorem, basic trigonometry…solving triangles – The unit circle Calculus – Limits – Derivatives – Integrals

GACE Review Day 4 Given two sides OR a side and an angle of a RIGHT TRIANGLE, we can find the measures of the other sides and angles. If one of the acute angles of a right triangle is congruent to the acute angle of another right triangle, then the two triangles are similar. Then the ratios of sides for all such triangles are exactly the same – so we define sine and cosines and tangent as ratios of these sides (given the angle). Sine of an acute angle in a right triangle is the length of the opposite side over the hypotenuse. Cosine is the length of the adjacent side over the hypotenuse. All the other trig functions can be defined in terms of sine and cosine.

GACE Review Day 4 Given two sides OR a side and an angle of a RIGHT TRIANGLE, we can find the measures of the other sides and angles. GACE 33, 35

GACE Review Day 4 Given two sides and the included angle (SAS) OR three sides (SSS) OR an angle and its opposite side and one other angle (AAS) OR two angles and the included side (ASA) of ANY TRIANLGE, we can find the measures of the other sides and angles using law of sines and law of cosines. (Recall ASS is the ambiguous case.)

ms/Exam3/exam3-s.pdf

GACE Review Day 4 Measurement and Geometry – Conic sections (24, 25, 27, 22, GACE 63 64) – Law of sines, law of cosines, Pythagorean theorem, basic trigonometry…solving triangles – The unit circle Calculus – Limits – Derivatives – Integrals

GACE Review Day 4 The unit circle: We need to define sine and cosine for angles other than acute angles! So we change our definition of sine and cosine to the x and y coordinates of the unit circle. Note that this new definition is consistent with the old one, but extends the possible domain of the sine, cosine, tangent, …

GACE Review Day 4 Polar Coordinates: Convert to rectangular: (r,theta) (6, 112 degrees) Convert to polar: (x,y) (-3,-4) Sine and Cosine functions: FIRST packet p. 38 #28

GACE Review Day 4 Measurement and Geometry – Conic sections (24, 25, 27, 22, GACE 63 64) – Law of sines, law of cosines, Pythagorean theorem, basic trigonometry…solving triangles – The unit circle Calculus – Limits – Derivatives – Integrals

GACE Review Day 4 Calculus – Limits – A limit is the number F(x) approaches (the y value) as x approaches some number or goes to positive or negative infinity. Calc packet #2 – Continuity – A function is continuous at a point x – a if the limit of F(x) as x approaches a is F(a). Calc packet #3, GACE 36

GACE Review Day 4 Calculus – Derivatives – A derivative is the slope of the line tangent to the curve at a point. It is the instantaneous rate y is changing per unit change in x. (So you’re already intimate with derivatives of linear functions …) Recall that the second derivative is acceleration. – If the function is increasing, the first derivative is positive; if the function is decreasing, the first derivative is negative. If the function is concave up (smile), the second derivative is positive; if the function is concave down (frown), the second derivative is negative. Calc packet 1, 6, 7, 8, 10 GACE 39, 40, 41, 42

GACE Review Day 4 Calculus – Integrals – An integral IS the area under a curve. When we want the integral of a function we need its “antiderivative”. Calc packet #9 GACE 43,44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49

GACE Review I had fun!!! Thank you for all your hard work. Please don’t hesitate to call me or me with more questions and a report on how you do on the GACE. Please, I want to know and I want to help!