Ligaments and Tendons. Ligaments zAugment the mechanical stability of joints zGuide joint motion zPrevent excessive motion.

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Presentation transcript:

Ligaments and Tendons

Ligaments zAugment the mechanical stability of joints zGuide joint motion zPrevent excessive motion

Tendons zAttach muscle to bone zTransmit tensile loads from muscle to bone

Composition z Dense connective tissue (parallel-fibers of collagen) - Sparsely vascularized z Cellular (fibroblasts) – 20 % z Extracellular (80%) - 70% H 2 O - 30% solids –collagen, ground substance, elastin

Composition z Collagen - ligaments - 75% of solids - tendons – 75%+ of solids

Ligament/Tendon Schematic

Ligament versus Tendon

Tendon - Structure and Function z sustain high tensile forces z flexible

Ligament - Structure and Function z pliant and flexible z strong and inextensible/inelastic

Injury is affected by: z Rate of impact z Amount of load

Tendon Deformation Load

ACL Injury

Joint Displacement Load Complete Failure Clinical Test Microfailure Physiological Loading Injury

Ligamentum Flavum Deformation Load

Factors affecting Mechanical Properties zMaturation -  20  # & quality of cross-links    tensile strength and  collagen fiber diameter (hypertrophy)

Factors affecting Mechanical Properties zAging – collagen content    stiffness, strength & ability to withstand deformation zPregnancy and postpartum – tensile strength & stiffness in tendons 

Factors affecting Mechanical Properties zPhysical Training -  tendon tensile strength and ligament- bone interface strength - ligaments become stronger and stiffer, collagen fibers increase in diameter

Factors affecting Mechanical Properties zImmobilization -  tensile strength of ligaments, more elongation, less stiff -  in cross-links -After 8 weeks of immobilization  12 months to recover strength & stiffness

Effects of Immobilization

WeeksMonths Time 0 Structural/mechanical properties (Experimental/Control x 100) Control Exercise Immobility Recovery (ligament substance) Recovery (insertion site)

Factors affecting Mechanical Properties zNSAIDS -  tensile strength possibly due to  cross-linkage zLocal Cortisone - alters collagen organization in tendon - random versus parallel