Joints & Their Function Chapter 8: Joints & Their Function
Sir John Charnley – doctor who pioneered the use of artificial joints in the early 1960s.
Fibrous Joints – joints that are created via fibrous connective tissues that are going to allow virtually no movement.
Figure 8.1a Fibrous joints. Dense fibrous connective tissue Suture line (a) Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull.
Figure 8.1b Fibrous joints. Fibula Tibia Ligament (b) Syndesmosis Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures.
Figure 8.1c Fibrous joints. Root of tooth Socket of alveolar process Periodontal ligament (c) Gomphosis “Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.
Cartilaginous Joints – joints that are created via cartilage these joints allow a small amount of movement.
Figure 8.2a Cartilaginous joints. Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) (a) Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Figure 8.2b Cartilaginous joints. Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Body of vertebra Hyaline cartilage (b) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage
Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint. Periosteum Ligament Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Articular
Figure 8.3
Figure 8.4 Bursae and tendon sheaths. Acromion of scapula Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Humerus Hyaline cartilage Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa articular capsule Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle (a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint Cavity in bursa containing Bursa rolls and lessens friction. Humerus head rolls medially as arm abducts. (b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone Humerus resting Humerus moving
Figure 8.5a Movements allowed by synovial joints. Gliding (a) Gliding movements at the wrist
Figure 8.5b Movements allowed by synovial joints. (b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck Hyperextension Extension Flexion
Figure 8.5e Movements allowed by synovial joints. Abduction Adduction (e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder Circumduction
Figure 8.6b Special body movements. Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion (b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Figure 8.7a–c
Figure 8.7d
Figure 8.7a Types of synovial joints. b c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Plane joint (intercarpal joint)
Figure 8.7b Types of synovial joints. Hinge joint (elbow joint) a c d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
Figure 8.7c Types of synovial joints. Pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) a b d e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
Figure 8.7d Types of synovial joints. Condyloid joint (metacarpophalangeal joint) a b c e f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
Figure 8.7e Types of synovial joints. Saddle joint (carpometacarpal joint of thumb) a b c d f Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
Figure 8.7f Types of synovial joints. Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder joint) a b c d e Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint Femur Tendon of Figure 8.8a The knee joint. (a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint Femur Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar Patellar ligament Articular capsule Lateral meniscus Anterior Tibia
Figure 8.9 A common knee injury. Lateral Medial Patella (outline) Tibial collateral ligament (torn) meniscus (torn) Anterior cruciate ligament (torn) Hockey puck
Figure 8.13a The temporomandibular (jaw) joint. Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Infratemporal fossa External acoustic meatus Articular capsule Ramus of mandible Lateral ligament (a) Location of the joint in the skull
Figure 8.13b The temporomandibular (jaw) joint. Articular capsule Mandibular fossa Articular disc tubercle Superior joint cavity Inferior joint condyle Ramus of mandible Synovial membranes (b) Enlargement of a sagittal section through the joint
Figure 8.13c The temporomandibular (jaw) joint. Lateral excursion: lateral (side-to-side) movements of the mandible Outline of the mandibular fossa Superior view
Figure 8.15 X ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.
A Closer Look 8.1a Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans
A Closer Look 8.1b: Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans