9 Articulations C h a p t e r PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College - North Harris Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Joints Structural Classifications Bony Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Synovial fluid Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts Functions of synovial fluid: lubrication nutrient distribution shock absorption Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Accessory structures Cartilages: cushion the joint: Fibrous cartilage pad called a meniscus (articular disc) Fat pads: superficial to the joint capsule protect articular cartilages Ligaments: support, strengthen joints sprain: ligaments with torn collagen fibers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Components of Synovial Joints Accessory structures Tendons: attach to muscles around joint help support joint Bursae: pockets of synovial fluid cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints [INSERT FIG. 9.1a] Figure 9–1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Figure 9–1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Synovial Joints Injuries Dislocation (luxation) Subluxation Articulating surfaces forced out of position Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule Subluxation A partial dislocation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Angular Motion Flexion Extension Angular motion Anterior–posterior plane Reduces angle between elements Extension Increases angle between elements Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Angular Motion Hyperextension Angular motion Extension past anatomical position Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–3a Angular Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Angular Motion Abduction Adduction Angular motion Frontal plane Moves away from longitudinal axis Adduction Moves toward longitudinal axis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Angular Motion Circumduction Circular motion without rotation Angular motion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Types of Movement at Synovial Joints Rotation Direction of rotation from anatomical position Relative to longitudinal axis of body Left or right rotation Medial rotation (inward rotation): rotates toward axis Lateral rotation (outward rotation): rotates away from axis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–4a Rotational Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Rotation Pronation: rotates forearm, radius over ulna Supination: forearm in anatomical position Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–4b Rotational Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Types of Movements at Synovial Joints Special movements Inversion: twists sole of foot medially Eversion: twists sole of foot laterally Dorsiflexion: flexion at ankle (lifting toes) Plantar flexion: extension at ankle (pointing toes) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–5 Special Movements. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–6 Movements at Synovial Joints. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Movements Figure 9–6 Movements at Synovial Joints. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations Figure 9–8a Damage to the Intervertebral Discs. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Intervertebral Articulations Figure 9–8b Damage to the Intervertebral Discs. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Shoulder Joint Also called the glenohumeral joint Allows more motion than any other joint Is the least stable Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments Ball-and-socket diarthrosis Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Elbow Joint A stable hinge joint With articulations involving humerus, radius, and ulna Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Elbow Joint Figure 9–10a The Elbow Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Hip Joint Figure 9–11a The Hip Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Hip Joint Figure 9–11b The Hip Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Menisci of the Knee Medial and lateral menisci Fibrous cartilage pads At femur–tibia articulations Cushion and stabilize joint Give lateral support Locking knees Standing with legs straight: “locks” knees by jamming lateral meniscus between tibia and femur Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Seven Ligaments of the Knee Joint Patellar ligament (anterior) Two popliteal ligaments (posterior) Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint capsule) Tibial collateral ligament (medial) Fibular collateral ligament (lateral) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Figure 9–12a The Knee Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Knee Joint Figure 9–12b The Knee Joint. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Aging Rheumatism Arthritis Osteoarthritis A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems Arthritis All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints Osteoarthritis Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation Generally in people over age 60 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Aging Rheumatoid Arthritis Gouty Arthritis An inflammatory condition Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease Involves the immune system Gouty Arthritis Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts) Form within synovial fluid Due to metabolic disorders Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Integration with Other Systems Bone Recycling Living bones maintain equilibrium between Bone building (osteoblasts) And breakdown (osteoclasts) Factors Affecting Bone Strength Age Physical stress Hormone levels Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion Genetic and environmental factors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Integration with Other Systems Bones Support Body Systems The skeletal system Supports and protects other systems Stores fat, calcium, and phosphorus Manufactures cells for immune system Disorders in other body systems can cause Bone tumors Osteoporosis Arthritis Rickets (vitamin D deficiency) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings