Disorders

Broken Bones

Terms: Closed vs open Closed vs open Simple vs Comminuted Simple vs Comminuted

Physical Fractures: compound - open stress – hairline comminuted- crushed broken into multiple pieces.

Complete Fracture- A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely. Complete Fracture- A fracture in which bone fragments separate completely. Incomplete Fracture- A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined. Incomplete Fracture- A fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined. Linear Fracture- A fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis. Linear Fracture- A fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis. Transverse Fracture- A fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis. Transverse Fracture- A fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis. Oblique Fracture- A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis. Oblique Fracture- A fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis. Compression Fracture-A fracture that usually occurs in the vertebrae. Compression Fracture-A fracture that usually occurs in the vertebrae. Spiral Fracture- A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted. Spiral Fracture- A fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted. Comminuted Fracture- A fracture causing many fragments. Comminuted Fracture- A fracture causing many fragments. Compacted Fracture- A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other Compacted Fracture- A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other Open Fracture- A fracture when the bone reaches the skin Open Fracture- A fracture when the bone reaches the skin

Compound

Comminuted Comminuted

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Healing 1. hematoma (bleeding/blood clot) 2. capillaries invade and form cartilage deposit 3. cartilage replaced by bone 4. remolding (osteoblasts)

Curvatures of Spine 1. Kyphosis: kyph(o) = hump hunchback-exaggerated thoracic curve

2. Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar anterior curvature

3. Scoliosis: abnormal lateral curvature (side to side)

Arthritis Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement. There are over 100 different types of arthritis. Arthritis is inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement. There are over 100 different types of arthritis.

Joints 1. Osteoarthritis: most common-old age/wear and tear on cartilage cap

Rheumatoid: more painful, more severe- synovial membrane inflames and destroys cartilage Rheumatoid: more painful, more severe- synovial membrane inflames and destroys cartilage autoimmune disorder

Gout: uric acid crystals form in the joints –painful Gout: uric acid crystals form in the joints –painful

2. Dislocations: popping a bone out of joint

Sprain- stretching ligaments, 3 or 4 degrees RICE RICE

The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament. The first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.ligament The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling. The second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling.swelling The third degree is a complete rupture. The third degree is a complete rupture. The fourth degree is the most severe and actually breaks the ligament, along with some small bones if severe enough, and requires surgery to repair. The fourth degree is the most severe and actually breaks the ligament, along with some small bones if severe enough, and requires surgery to repair.

Dietary lack of vitamin D or calcium-soft bones 1. Rickets: in kids, bowed legs, malnourished 2. Osteomalacia: softening in bones

RicketsOsteomalacia

Hormonal osteoporosis-bones get brittle and weak osteoporosis-bones get brittle and weak lack of estrogen when females menopause lack of estrogen when females menopausePrevention: 1. exercise 2. get more calcium & vitamin D 3. estrogen hormonal supplement

Bacterial or Viral Osteomyelitis: bacterial inflammation of bone marrow Osteomyelitis: bacterial inflammation of bone marrow