plum island, MA

developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only); no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively) beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees no deer or foxmice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox Few birdsdiverse bird community southern 2/3northern third What’s currently there

developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only); no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively) beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees no deer or foxmice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox Few birdsdiverse bird community southern 2/3northern third What’s currently there

developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only); no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively) beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees no deer or foxmice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox Few birdsdiverse bird community southern 2/3northern third What’s currently there

developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only); no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively) beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees no deer or foxmice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox Few birdsdiverse bird community southern 2/3northern third What’s currently there

developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only); no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively) beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees no deer or foxmice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox Few birdsdiverse bird community southern 2/3northern third What’s currently there

developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only); no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively) beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees no deer or foxmice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox Few birdsdiverse bird community southern 2/3northern third What’s currently there

developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only); no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively) beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees no deer or foxmice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox Few birdsdiverse bird community southern 2/3northern third What’s currently there

developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only); no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively) beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees no deer or foxmice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox Few birdsdiverse bird community southern 2/3northern third What’s currently there

developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only); no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively) beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees no deer or foxmice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox Few birdsdiverse bird community southern 2/3northern third What’s currently there

developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only); no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively) beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees no deer or foxmice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox Few birdsdiverse bird community southern 2/3northern third What’s currently there

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded Grasses on beach hold sand in place Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets More sand stays on the beach Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients southern 2/3northern third In case of storms…

Detritivore community very diminishedDetritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth Salt marshes mostly lostHighly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow Little/no tourismTourism and visitors continue Educational value…??Educational and recreational value of land is sustained Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc. Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us southern 2/3northern third

Detritivore community very diminishedDetritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth Salt marshes mostly lostHighly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow Little/no tourismTourism and visitors continue Educational value…??Educational and recreational value of land is sustained Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc. Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us southern 2/3northern third

Detritivore community very diminishedDetritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth Salt marshes mostly lostHighly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow Little/no tourismTourism and visitors continue Educational value…??Educational and recreational value of land is sustained Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc. Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us southern 2/3northern third

Detritivore community very diminishedDetritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth Salt marshes mostly lostHighly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow Little/no tourismTourism and visitors continue Educational value…??Educational and recreational value of land is sustained Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc. Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us southern 2/3northern third

Detritivore community very diminishedDetritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth Salt marshes mostly lostHighly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow Little/no tourismTourism and visitors continue Educational value…??Educational and recreational value of land is sustained Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc. Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us southern 2/3northern third

Detritivore community very diminishedDetritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth Salt marshes mostly lostHighly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow Little/no tourismTourism and visitors continue Educational value…??Educational and recreational value of land is sustained Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc. Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us southern 2/3northern third

Detritivore community very diminishedDetritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth Salt marshes mostly lostHighly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow Little/no tourismTourism and visitors continue Educational value…??Educational and recreational value of land is sustained Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc. Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us southern 2/3northern third

Detritivore community very diminishedDetritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth Salt marshes mostly lostHighly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow Little/no tourismTourism and visitors continue Educational value…??Educational and recreational value of land is sustained Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc. Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us southern 2/3northern third

Detritivore community very diminishedDetritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth Salt marshes mostly lostHighly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow Little/no tourismTourism and visitors continue Educational value…??Educational and recreational value of land is sustained Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc. Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us southern 2/3northern third

Detritivore community very diminishedDetritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth Salt marshes mostly lostHighly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow Little/no tourismTourism and visitors continue Educational value…??Educational and recreational value of land is sustained Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc. Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us southern 2/3northern third