1814

THE ENORMITY OF 1814 Presentation Page 2

WHY 1814 – IN 1814? The upheavals of 1814 were the result of several factors: The world: Notions of freedom and power politics The Nordic region: War, years of want and Sweden’s desire for Norway Norway: Increased self- identity and domestic discontent Presentation Page 3

NORWAY IN JANUARY 1814 Poor peasant society Under Danish rule Presentation Page 4

TURNING POINTS IN Treaty of Kiel: 14 January Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll: 10 April – 20 May 3.Convention of Moss: 14 August 4.Revised Constitution and Union with Sweden: 4 November Presentation Page 5

1814 The Treaty of Kiel 14 January 1814

THE PEACE OF KIEL, 14 JANUARY Karl Johan and Sweden attacked and defeated Denmark Presentation Page 7

THE TREATY OF KIEL Presentation Page 8

SCOPE FOR REVOLT “Sweden was not immediately able to seize the prize that Denmark had been compelled to surrender.” (Jens Arup Seip) Presentation Page 9

REVOLT FROM ABOVE The Danish successor to the throne Christian Frederik mobilized Norwegian revolt against the Treaty of Kiel in February 1814 Presentation Page 10

MEETING OF NOTABLES AT EIDSVOLL, 16 FEBRUARY “Nobody has more Right now to the Norwegian Crown than I or any other Norwegian.” Georg Sverdrup Presentation Page 11

ELECTIONS TO THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY Extraordinary day of prayer, 25 February: 1.Oath of independence in the churches 2.Election of representatives Presentation Page 12

1814 Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll

CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY, 10 APRIL – 20 MAY 112 representatives were gathered at Eidsvoll for 40 days to draft a Norwegian constitution. Presentation Page 14

CHAIN OF EVENTS: 12 to 19 April: Constituent Assembly elected committees and debated important questions of principal. 20 April to 3 May: Most important work done in the committees – in particular the Constitution Committee, which drafted proposals on what the Constitution should l0ok like. 4 to 11 May:Draft constitution deliberated in plenary session, with voting done article by article. 12 to 20 May:A committee examined the adopted text of the Constitution in order to give it the “finishing touches”. The Constitution was adopted as a complete document on 16 May. The Constitution was signed on 17 May and Christian Frederik was elected King the same day. The assembly was formally dissolved on 19 May, and delegates took their leave the following day. Presentation Page 15

THE CONSTITUTION Sovereignty of the people Separation of powers Human and civil rights Presentation Page 16

INDEPENDENCE OR UNION? The Constituent Assembly also had to clarify Norway’s relations with Sweden. “The Independence Party” “The Union Party” Presentation Page 17

“NORWAY’S OLD THRONE IS RESURRECTED” Presentation Page 18

1814 The Convention of Moss 14 August 1814

ALONE IN EUROPE Presentation Page 20

SHORT-LIVED WAR Karl Johan back from the campaign in Europe Went to war with Norway on 26 July to secure the prize from Kiel Swift Swedish advance and Norwegian retreat Presentation Page 21

PEACE PROPOSAL AND NEGOTIATIONS 7 August: Karl Johan pledged to respect the 17 May Constitution in a new peace proposal 10–14 August: Negotiations on the terms of peace took place in Moss Presentation Page 22

THE CONVENTION OF MOSS Peace treaty signed in Moss on 14 August Presentation Page 23

1814 The November Constitution

THE STORTING CONVENED FOR THE FIRST TIME The first extraordinary Storting The Storting met for the the first time on 7 October 1814 Christian Frederik abdicated on 10 October Formally, it was the Storting that was to vote for the union with Sweden and the Swedish king Presentation Page 25

NEGOTIATIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION Presentation Page 26

THE 4 NOVEMBER CONSTITUTION Presentation Page 27

INTO A NEW UNION Presentation Page 28

FREEDOM AS A GIFT? Ever since 1814, historians and others have debated what really happened in “Freedom as a gift” Domestic processes Presentation Page 29

CHRISTIAN FREDERIK Saviour and hero, or tool and socialite? Presentation Page 30

SWEDISH-NORWEGIAN WAR, SUMMER 1814 Presentation Page 31