Introduction This module defines the differences between confinement, containment and spill recovery. Methods Advantages Disadvantages Materials that could be utilized at an incident involving a HazMat/WMD

Enabling Learning Objectives 13-1 Define the difference between confinement and containment 13-2 Identify the basic methods for confining substance spills on land and explain their advantages and limitations 13-3 Identify the basic methods for confining spills of sinking, floating, and soluble substance spills on water and explain their

Enabling Learning Objectives 13-4 Define the purpose for and the procedures, equipment, and safety precautions used with each of these methods, and demonstrate the ability to select methods appropriate for a given HazMat/WMD incident.

Enabling Learning Objectives Diking and damming Pneumatic equipment Excavation Sealed booms Overflow dam Diversion Weir dam Diversion channels Underflow dam/weir Retention Booms Sorbents Natural Synthetic 13-5 Demonstrate the proper use of the methods listed above

Confinement-Containment-Spill Recovery

Confinement vs. Containment Confinement Method Example Diking/Damming Use soil, sand, or clay to stop or divert flow Excavation Dig trench, pit, or ponds to collect or treat the product Booming Use straw or commercial booms to collect the product Pumping Pump the product to a container or pit to collect or treat it Vapor suppression Use foam or water fog to reduce or redirect vapors Containment Method/Situation Example Plugging Hole, tear in container Wedges, plugs, screws, etc. Patching Patch kit, epoxy, vetter bag, etc. Capping/ repairing Leaking valve Valves, safety devices Chlorine or Midland kit Replace/repair

Confinement Main purpose reduce the area of contamination Processes vary with location Compatibility Incompatibility

Confinement on Land Product spills on land can move in several directions at the same time   The material movement depends on many other factors, such as: Soil type, such as how porous it is Soil condition, dry, wet, snow covered, covered with ice or frozen Slope Proximity of manholes, drains, culverts Presence of asphalt, concrete, or tile Presence of obstructions.

General Confinement Operations Responders must stay clear of the HazMat/WMD Responders using hand tools may need some level of protection Heavy equipment - ignition for a flammable liquid or gas. Equipment operators-OSHA "Skilled Support Personnel" and their required levels of protection and training in CFR 29 910.120(q)(4).

Materials Compatibility Fire hose (effective on a flat surface.) Foams (these do not absorb spilled material and thus add less contaminated material to dispose of later.) Bucket, recovery drum, or other similar open top container Sorbents socks Pumps or vacuums

Diking/Damming Diking/damming will increase the volume of contaminated material requiring cleanup. Equipment needed may include: Shovels and other hand tools Front-end loader Backhoe Dump truck Man-way covers Vetter bags, to block culverts

Recovery Operations Recovery Operations for confinement is an offensive action which seals product inside an outer container. A "containment" action, such as patching or plugging, is usually required to keep much of the product in its original container as possible.

Recovery Operations Make sure that the recovery container is compatible with the product and original container. It also must be large enough to hold the container easily, without damaging it.

Overflow Dam An insoluble product with a specific gravity > 1.0 sink   Overflow dam A weir dam Substance, or simply hold the substance back Plastic Sheeting to protect dam Up stream side

Overflow Dam

Underflow Dam An insoluble HazMat/WMD with a specific gravity <1.0 will float. Spills of over 5,000 gallons impractical in inclement weather. Rainfall can wash away an earthen dam. Plastic Sheeting to protect dam Up stream side

Underflow Dams

Booms Containment booms have four basic elements: An above-water freeboard A flotation device A below-water "skirt” A "longitudinal support”

Basic Types of Booms Fence booms Round or curtain booms Non-rigid or inflatable booms Floating booms

Using Booms Perform well in gentle seas or moving water Rough and choppy water is likely to contribute to boom failure. Lengthening a boom's skirt or freeboard can aid in containment. Will not operate properly waves are higher than one meter or 39” or currents faster than one knot per hour or 1.15 miles per hour.

Sorbents Sorbents – Found in two basic types Absorbents Adsorbents

Sorbents Natural organic sorbents - organic products Peat moss or straw Cellulose fibers or cork Corn cobs Chicken or duck feathers Adsorb between 3 and 15 times weight in water Difficult to collect after spread on the water Can overcome the sinking issue  

Sorbents Natural inorganic sorbents Mineral compounds Volcanic ash or perlite; Vermiculite or zeolite Adsorb from 4 to 20 times their weight in oil or HazMat/WMD are inexpensive These types of sorbents are not used on the water's surface.

Synthetic Sorbents Designed to adsorb liquids onto their surfaces Include cross-linked polymers and rubber materials absorb liquids into solid structure, causing material to swell. Absorb up 70 times their own weight Polypropylene Polyethylene Polyurethane Polyester

Sorbents Characteristics Rate of absorption Rate of adsorption Retention Ease of application

Containment Dispersion Solidification Vacuuming

Containment Maximum potential gains must be worth the risk. Even under the best of circumstances, containment involves risk   Minimal potential risks Choose the best chance of success with the least amount of risk. Plan the procedure

Containment Container Condition Considerations: Are all the closures really closed? Will the weight of the product tear a larger hole in an already weakened container? Can you move the container? How much does the container weigh? Will the lifting or moving devices cause additional damage to the container?

Containment Do the simplest safest fix Upright the container Close the valve Can you stop the leak simply by reorienting the breech toward vapor space? If the container is damaged, what caused it? Is this the correct container for the product? Is the product eating through the container's walls? Has the container deteriorated? Is there more than one hole?

Plugging Techniques Non-reactive wedges, cones and devices Magnetic patches Mechanical patches Foam plugs Bladder wraps Adhesive patches

Wedges, Cones, Bags, Drums

Plug and Patch Compatibility After compatibility has been determined, the only limitation is your imagination. A hardware store is a great place to shop for plugging and patching equipment.

Plugging and Patching Is the hole in the liner at the same location as the leak? Is the product leaking between the liner and the shell? Does the container require more than one plug or patch? Any repair you make must not damage the liner. A leaking container over-packing or transfer to another container.

Plugging and Patching Plugging or patching may make the breach worse. Lower the container pressure, if possible Choose plugging or patching compatible with the product Make sure the patch or plug is larger than the opening Think through each step of the procedure before you begin.

Plug and Patch Materials Materials for plugging and patching are almost limitless: Is the material compatible with the material in the container? available in sufficient quantity to do the job?

Plug and Patch Materials Is more than one type of material required? How much time from application until the container can be moved? How long will the plugging and patching material last once applied?

Conclusion Participants were given information to provide the ability to: Define confinement and containment Identify the basic methods for confining spills and explain their advantages and limitations Identify the basic methods for confining spills of sinking, floating, and soluble substance spills on water and explain Participants were able to practice various procedures on simulated leaking container, releases, and spills. Define the purpose for and the procedures, equipment, and safety precautions Demonstrate the proper use of the methods listed above.