Specialized Tissue in Plants

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Presentation transcript:

Specialized Tissue in Plants Chapter 23 ROOTS, LEAVES & STEMS Specialized Tissue in Plants

Basic Parts of a Plant Roots Stem Leaves Flower

Section 23-2 Roots

Types of Root Systems Taproot System Fibrous Root System Primary roots grow down from the stem with some secondary roots forming. Fibrous Root System Small lateral roots that spread out just below the soil surface.

Four Root Functions Absorption of water and nutrients. Transportation of water and nutrients to stem. Anchor plant to maintain stability. Store food and wate.r

Parts of a Root

Parts of a Root Epidermis Cortex Outermost layer of cells, like the skin of the root. Cortex Tissue inside epidermis that stores starch and other substances for the growth of the root.

Parts of a Root Root Cap Root Hairs Vascular Tissue Provides protection for the root tip. Root Hairs Site of absorption. Vascular Tissue Within cortex, contains cells that transport water, nutrients, and minerals to all parts of the plant. Image found at: www.bio.psu.edu

Parts of a Root

Section 23.3 Stems

Function of Stems Transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves. Supports/produces leaves, branches, and fruit/flowers. Food storage. Image found at: www.karencarr.com

Types of Stems Woody: Herbaceous: Thick cell walls that support the plant. Trees, shrubs, and vines. Herbaceous: Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic pressure (turgor). Dandelions, zinnias, petunias.

Types of Stems Woody Stem Herbaceous Stem

Parts of a Stem Node Internode Xylem Phloem Areas where side branches and leaves develop. Internode Area between nodes. Xylem Carries water up. Phloem Carries nutrients throughout plant.

Monocot & Dicot Stems Monocot: vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem. Dicot (and most gymnosperms): vascular bundles are arranged in a cylinder.

Cross-Section of Stems Woody Stem Dicot Stem Monocot Stem

Growth of Stems Primary growth of stems is produced by cell divisions in the apical meristem. It takes place in all seed plants. In conifers and dicots, secondary growth takes place in the lateral meristematic tissues called the vascular cambium and cork cambium.

Woody Stems Actual wood part of the stem is xylem tissue. Heartwood (pith): stores food. Sapwood: active in fluid transport; xylem and phloem. Cambium: producing new tissue, vascular. Cork: bark

Formation of Bark

Section 23.4 Leaves

Function of Leaves Photosynthesis Transpiration The structure of a leaf is optimized for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Process that plants use to produce their food. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Transpiration Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide.

Parts of a Leaf Cuticle Mesophyll Waxy outer surface; retains moisture. Mesophyll Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs. Palisade layer (upper) Spongy layer (underside)

Parts of a Leaf Epidermis Stomata “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange Upper and lower Stomata Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange (controlled by guard cells)

Leaves

Leaves Letter Structure Color Function A Cuticle Yellow Waxy outer surface; retains moisture. B Epidermis Orange “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange. C Vein (Xylem) Blue Pumps water up from soil through roots. D Vein (Phloem) Red Moves nutrients and carbohydrates throughout the plant. E Mesophyll Green Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs. F Stomata Pink Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange. G Guard Cells Brown Control stomata; trigger when water is scarce causing stomata to become flaccid and pores close.

Leaves Dicot Leaf

Turgor Pressure Turgor pressure (water pressure) Stomata close automatically when supplies of water from roots start to dry up Guard cells trigger when water is scarce causing stomata to become flaccid and pores close

Leaf Venation

Leaf Adaptations

Section 23.5 Transport in plants

Capillary Action The tendency of water to rise in a thin tube. The result of the water molecules’ ability to stick to one another (cohesion) and to the walls of the tube (adhesion); contributes to the movement of water up the cells of the xylem tissue.