Figure 49.2 The Double Bind of Water Breathers

Figure 49.3 Gas Exchange Systems

Figure 49.5 Fish Gills

Figure 49.5 Fish Gills (Part 2)

Figure 49.6 Countercurrent Exchange Is More Efficient

Figure 49.9 Measuring Lung Ventilation

Figure The Human Respiratory System (Part 1)

Figure The Human Respiratory System (Part 2)

Figure Binding of O 2 to Hemoglobin Depends on P O 2

Figure Oxygen-Binding Adaptations

Figure Carbon Dioxide Is Transported as Bicarbonate Ions

Figure Carbon Dioxide Is Transported as Bicarbonate Ions (Part 1)

Figure Breathing Is Controlled in the Brainstem

Figure Carbon Dioxide Affects Breathing Rate

Figure Feedback Information Controls Breathing

LE 42-29a O 2 unloaded from hemoglobin during normal metabolism O 2 reserve that can be unloaded from hemoglobin to tissues with high metabolism P and hemoglobin dissociation at 37°C and pH 7.4 O2O2 P (mm Hg) O2O2 Tissues during exercise Tissues at rest Lungs O 2 saturation of hemoglobin (%)

LE 42-29b Bohr shift: additional O 2 released from hemoglobin at lower pH (higher CO 2 concentration) pH and hemoglobin dissociation P (mm Hg) O2O O 2 saturation of hemoglobin (%) pH 7.2 pH 7.4