 Imitation (preschool to first grade)  Graphic Presentation (first and second grades)  Progressive Incorporation (late second to fourth grade)  Automatization (fourth to seventh grade)  Elaboration (seventh to ninth grade)  Personalization-Diversification (ninth grade and beyond)

 Imitation (preschool to first grade)  Pretend to write  Begin to print letters and numbers

 Graphic Presentation (first and second grades)  Visual appearance of their writing  Better at ordering of letters and numbers

 Progressive Incorporation (late second to fourth grade)  Incorporate standards of capitalization, punctuation, syntax, and grammar  Writing to relate experiences rather than to solve problems or develop ideas

 Automatization (fourth to seventh grade)  Apply rules of grammar, spelling, and punctuation automatically  Write at a level equivalent to their own speech

 Elaboration (seventh to ninth grade)  Writing to express a viewpoint  Synthesize ideas from a variety of sources

 Personalization- Diversification (ninth grade and beyond)  More creative with their writing  Develop individual writing styles

 Word processor  Word prediction software  Voice recognition systems  Speech synthesis software  Planning and organizing software