12,000 Years of Native American History Bob Shamy

Part 1: Using Anthropology as the Scientific Basis for the Study of Culture Part 2: New Jersey History – BP to European Contact

What is Anthropology? Physical Anthropology Primatology The study of primates. Paleoanthropology The study of human evolution Human Variation Studies: The study of the physical differences in humans. Cultural Anthropology A.K.A. Ethnology Ethnography A.K.A. Participant Observation Linguistics Archaeology

What is Culture? The Culture Concept: Culture is understood as the learned body of knowledge, beliefs, and customs that people use to organize their natural and social environments. Material Traits Tools Clothing Housing ETC. Non-Material Traits Attitudes Behaviors Beliefs ETC.

Culture: No overall consensus as to its meaning…over 300 definitions. An Autonomous Population Unit Distinct Cultural Characteristics Shared Traditions Problems: Cannot Define Cultural Boundaries Cultures are Not Closed and Self-Contained Cultures are in Constant Contact and Change Cultures are Provisional and Transitory Many are Extinct

Culture is a Survival Mechanism An infinite variation in cultural expression, but each meets a certain need – Food, Shelter, Resolve Conflict, Solace, etc. A blueprint of our customs and ideas for living. It is packaged and delivered by symbols. It is pervasive - we are often unaware but it surrounds and envelops us. Items and ideas meld together and make sense.

Fine Arts Storytelling Subsistence Pattern Dancing-Games-Cooking-Dress Observable Material Elements May Include Behavioral Characteristics, i.e. Religion, Handshakes, etc. Surface Culture Deep CultureConception of Beauty – Ideals of Governing – Patterns of Raising Children Notions of Modesty – Cosmology – Relationship to Animals Patterns of Superior/Subordinate Relations – Courtship Practices Conception of Justice – Incentives to Work – Notions of Leadership Tempo of Work – Patterns of Group Decision Making Conception of Status Mobility (Class, Caste, etc.) – Eye Behavior Roles in Relation to Status by Age, Sex, Class, Occupation, Kinship, etc. Conversational Patterns in Various Social Contexts – Conception of Past and Future Nature of Friendship – Conception of Self – Preference for Competition or Cooperation Patterns of Handling Emotions AND MUCH, MUCH MORE…

Cultural Anthropology-Ethnology Ethnography-Participant Observation Social Organization Subsistence Pattern Economic Pattern Political Organization Religion ETC.

Do these concepts inherently reinforce bias when we teach history? PRIMITIVE UNDEVELOPED/DEVELOPED RACE ETHNOCENTRISM/CULTURAL BIAS

Who Were the Indians of New Jersey?

How do we know where a glacier stops?

Ice sheet on Ellsmere Island, Canada

From Tundra: Semi-frozen Sub Arctic Plain To: Deciduous Forests

Changing Flora and Fauna Over Time

The Shoreline 18,000 Years Ago

New Jersey During the Late Pleistocene Epoch Circa 15,000-10,000 BP

Glacial Age Fauna

Hypothetical Eastern Woodland Local Sequence in Archaeology BP 8000 BP 2000 BP Paleo Indian Period Archaic Period Woodland Period

Artifact Typology An Alachua Point Range BP

An Archaeological Local Sequence

The Evolution of Projectile Point Typology

Woodland Period Archaic Hunters and Gatherers Circa 2000 BP Circa 1000 BP Cultivating Grasses, Bow and Arrow Raising Corn, Beans and Squash An Archaeological Local Sequence in NJ Circa 3000 BPPottery Circa 8000 BP Paleo Indians Nomadic Herd Hunters Circa BP Semi Nomadic

Paleo Indians And Mega Fauna

PALEO INDIAN TOOL KIT

Paleo Indian Projectile Points

Woodland Period Archaic Hunters and Gatherers Circa 2000 BP Circa 1000 BP Cultivating Grasses, Bow and Arrow Raising Corn, Beans and Squash An Archaeological Local Sequence in NJ Circa 3000 BPPottery Circa 8000 BP Paleo Indians Circa BP Semi Nomadic Nomadic Herd Hunters Seasonal Campgrounds

ARCHAIC PERIOD POINTS

The Style and Diversity of Projectile Points and Tool Kits Expands With Each Period Tools became varied and include more ground, polished and bone tools. They developed grooved axes, pestles, etc. Fishing becomes more important and net sinkers and fish hooks appear.

Woodland Period Archaic Hunters and Gatherers Circa 2000 BP Circa 1000 BP Cultivating Grasses, Bow and Arrow Raising Corn, Beans and Squash An Archaeological Local Sequence in NJ Circa 3000 BPPottery Circa 8000 BP Paleo Indians Circa BP Semi Nomadic Nomadic Herd Hunters

A Mississippian Monolithic Ax L: 13" Spiro Mounds Le Flore Co., OK Under 10 have been found nationwide.

Great Serpent Mound Ohio Burial and Ceremonial Mounds

Locations of Mound in the Mississippi Ohio Valleys The Mound Builders Heavily Influenced the Native Cultures in the East Coast

The Three Sisters of the Garden

WOODLAND POINTS

EarlyMiddleLate Woodland Period Pottery

Guns, Germs and Steel The First Globalization

EUROPEAN CONTACT

FROM THIS

TO THIS

COLONIAL ARTIFACTS

18 th and 19 TH CENTURY HOMES

LIGHTING BOTTLE AND GLASS MANUFACTURE