Lesson 1 Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat Lesson 2 Thermal Energy Transfers Lesson 3 Using Thermal Energy Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter Menu

How can thermal energy be used? Chapter Introduction

What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements. Chapter Introduction

Do you agree or disagree? 1. Temperature is the same as thermal energy. 2. Heat is the movement of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler object. 3. It takes a large amount of energy to significantly change the temperature of an object with a low specific heat. Chapter Introduction

Do you agree or disagree? 4. The thermal energy of an object can never be increased or decreased. 5. Car engines create energy. 6. Refrigerators cool food by moving thermal energy from inside the refrigerator to the outside. Chapter Introduction

Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat How are temperature and kinetic energy related? How do heat and thermal energy differ? Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat thermal energy temperature heat Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

Kinetic and Potential Energy Potential energy is stored energy due to the interaction between two objects. The potential energy plus the kinetic energy of an object is the mechanical energy of the object. Lesson 1-1

What is thermal energy? Every solid, liquid, and gas is made up of trillions of tiny particles that are constantly moving. Because particles are in motion, they have kinetic energy. The faster particles move, the more kinetic energy they have. Lesson 1-2

What is thermal energy? (cont.) The greater the average distance between particles, the greater the potential energy of the particles. Thermal energy is the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the particles that make up a material. Lesson 1-2

The potential energy of the soccer ball depends on the distance between the ball and Earth. The potential energy of the particles of matter depends on their distance from one another. Lesson 1-2

What is thermal energy? (cont.) Mechanical energy describes the energy of one object. Thermal energy describes the energy of the particles that make up a solid, liquid, or gas. Lesson 1-2

What is temperature? Scientists define temperature in terms of kinetic energy. Temperature represents the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material. Lesson 1-3

What is temperature? (cont.) from Latin temperatura, means “moderating, tempering” Lesson 1-3

What is temperature? (cont.) The greater the average kinetic energy of particles, the greater the temperature. The particles in warmer air move at a greater average speed than the particles in colder air. Lesson 1-3

What is temperature? (cont.) How are temperature and kinetic energy related? Lesson 1-3

What is temperature? (cont.) Temperature and thermal energy are related, but they are not the same. The particles that make up liquid and solid water have different potential energies and, therefore, different thermal energies. Lesson 1-3

What is temperature? (cont.) Thermometers are used to measure temperature. Common temperature scales are Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), and Fahrenheit (°F). Lesson 1-3

What is heat? The movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is called heat. All objects have thermal energy; however, you heat something when thermal energy transfers from one object to another. The rate at which heating occurs depends on the difference in temperatures between the objects. Lesson 1-4

What is heat? (cont.) How do heat and thermal energy differ? Lesson 1-4

The greater the distance between two particles or two objects, the greater the potential energy. Heat is the movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object. Lesson 1 - VS

When thermal energy moves between a material and its environment, the material’s temperature changes. Lesson 1 - VS

Because particles are in motion, what type of energy do they have? A. thermal energy B. potential energy C. mechanical energy D. kinetic energy Lesson 1 – LR1

A. different thermal energies B. different temperatures Particles that make up liquid and solid water have different potential energies, and therefore also have which of the following? A. different thermal energies B. different temperatures C. different kinetic energies D. the same thermal energy Lesson 1 – LR2

Which term refers to the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material? A. heat B. temperature C. potential energy D. thermal energy Lesson 1 – LR3

1. Temperature is the same as thermal energy. Do you agree or disagree? 1. Temperature is the same as thermal energy. 2. Heat is the movement of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler object. Lesson 1 - Now

Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC Thermal Energy Transfers What is the effect of having a small specific heat? What happens to a material when it is heated? In what ways can thermal energy be transferred? Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC

Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab Thermal Energy Transfers thermal expansion thermal contraction convection convection current radiation conduction thermal conductor thermal insulator specific heat Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

How is thermal energy transferred? Thermal energy is transferred in three ways. by radiation by conduction by convection Lesson 2-1

Radiation The transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by electromagnetic waves is called radiation. Radiation is the only way thermal energy can travel from the Sun to Earth, because space is a vacuum. Radiation also transfers thermal energy through solids, liquids, and gases. Lesson 2-2

Radiation (cont.) vacuum Science Use a space that contains little or no matter Common Use a device for cleaning carpets and rugs that uses suction Lesson 2-2

Conduction When particles with different kinetic energies collide, the particles with higher kinetic energy transfer energy to particles with lower kinetic energy. The transfer of thermal energy between materials by the collisions of particles is called conduction. Conduction continues until the thermal energy of all particles in contact is equal. Lesson 2-3

Conduction (cont.) The hot air transfers thermal energy to, or heats, the cool lemonade by conduction. Eventually the kinetic thermal energy and temperature of the air and the lemonade will be equal. Lesson 2-3

Conduction (cont.) A thermal conductor is a material through which thermal energy flows easily. A thermal insulator is a material through which thermal energy does not flow easily. Lesson 2-3

Conduction (cont.) The amount of thermal energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1°C is called specific heat. Water’s high specific heat helps prevent your body from overheating. Changing the temperature of a material with a low specific heat is easier than to change the temperature of a material with a high specific heat. Lesson 2-3

In a hot car, the temperature of thermal conductors, such as the safety-belt buckles, increases more quickly than the temperature of thermal insulators, such as the seat material. Lesson 2-3

Conduction (cont.) What does it mean if a material has a low specific heat? Lesson 2-3

Thermal Expansion and Contraction Thermal contraction is a decrease in a material’s volume when its temperature decreases. Thermal expansion is an increase in a material’s volume when its temperature increases. Thermal expansion and contraction are most noticeable in gases, less noticeable in liquids, and the least noticeable in solids. Lesson 2-4

Thermal Expansion and Contraction (cont.) What happens to the volume of a gas when it is heated? Lesson 2-4

Convection Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another. Convection only occurs in fluids. convection from Greek convectionem, means “the act of carrying” Lesson 2-5

This cycle of cooler water sinking and forcing warmer water upward is an example of convection. Lesson 2-5

Convection (cont.) What are the three processes that transfer thermal energy? Lesson 2-5

Convection (cont.) The movement of fluids in a cycle because of convection is a convection current. Convection currents circulate the water in Earth’s oceans and other bodies of water. Lesson 2-5

Convection Currents in Earth’s Atmosphere Lesson 2-5

When a material has a low specific heat, transferring a small amount of energy to the material increases its temperature significantly. Lesson 2 - VS

Thermal energy can be transferred through radiation, conduction, or convection. Lesson 2 - VS

When a material is heated, the thermal energy of the material increases and the material expands. Lesson 2 - VS

Which term refers to a material through which thermal energy flows easily? A. convection current B. specific heat C. thermal conductor D. thermal insulator Lesson 2 – LR1

Which describes an increase in a material’s volume when its temperature increases? A. conduction B. thermal expansion C. thermal conductor D. thermal contraction Lesson 2 – LR2

What term describes the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another? A. convection B. conduction C. thermal contraction D. thermal expansion Lesson 2 – LR3

Do you agree or disagree? 3. It takes a large amount of energy to significantly change the temperature of an object with a low specific heat. 4. The thermal energy of an object can never be increased or decreased. Lesson 2 - Now

Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC Using Thermal Energy How does a thermostat work? How does a refrigerator keep food cold? What are the energy transformations in a car engine? Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC

Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab Using Thermal Energy heating appliance thermostat refrigerator heat engine Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab

Thermal Energy Transformations Thermostats transform thermal energy into mechanical energy that switch heaters on and off. Even though many devices transform energy from one form to another or transfer energy from one place to another, the total amount of energy does not change. Lesson 3-1

Heating Appliances A device that converts electric energy into thermal energy is a heating appliance. Curling irons, coffeemakers, and clothes irons are some examples of heating appliances. Lesson 3-2

Thermostats A thermostat is a device that regulates the temperature of a system. thermostat from Greek therme, meaning “heat”; and statos, meaning “a standing” Lesson 3-3

Thermostats (cont.) Most thermostats contain a bimetallic coil made of two types of metal joined together and bent into a coil. The metal on the inside of the coil expands and contracts more than the metal on the outside of the coil. When a room warms or cools, the thermal energy causes the bimetallic coil to uncurl slightly or tighten, which turns the furnace off or on. Lesson 3-3

Thermostats (cont.) How does the bimetallic coil in a thermostat respond to heating and cooling? Lesson 3-3

Refrigerators A device that uses electric energy to transfer thermal energy from a cooler location to a warmer location is called a refrigerator. In a refrigerator, a coolant is pumped through pipes on the inside and the outside of the refrigerator. Lesson 3-4

Coolant in a refrigerator moves thermal energy from inside to outside the refrigerator. Lesson 3-4

The coolant, which begins as a liquid, passes through an expansion valve and cools. Lesson 3-4

As the cold gas flows through pipes inside the refrigerator, it absorbs thermal energy from the refrigerator compartment and vaporizes. Lesson 3-4

Refrigerators (cont.) How does a refrigerator keep food cold? Lesson 3-4

Heat Engines A heat engine is a machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. When a heat engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy, the mechanical energy moves the vehicle. Most cars, buses, boats, trucks, and lawn mowers use a type of heat engine called an internal combustion engine. Lesson 3-5

Internal Combustion Engine Lesson 3-5

Internal Combustion Engine Lesson 3-5

Heat Engines (cont.) What is one form of energy that is output from a heat engine? Lesson 3-5

A bimetallic coil inside a thermostat controls a switch that turns a heating or cooling device on or off. Lesson 3 - VS

A refrigerator keeps food cold by moving thermal energy from the inside of the refrigerator out to the refrigerator’s surroundings. Lesson 3 - VS

In a car engine, chemical energy in fuel is transformed into thermal energy. Some of this thermal energy is then transformed into mechanical energy. Lesson 3 - VS

Curling irons, coffeemakers, and clothes irons are some examples of what? A. thermostats B. refrigerators C. heat engines D. heating appliances Lesson 3 – LR1

Which is pumped through pipes on the inside and the outside of a refrigerator? A. water B. ice C. coolant D. bimetallic coil Lesson 3 – LR2

Which term refers to a device that regulates the temperature of a system? A. heat engine B. heating appliance C. refrigerator D. thermostat Lesson 3 – LR3

5. Car engines create energy. Do you agree or disagree? 5. Car engines create energy. 6. Refrigerators cool food by moving thermal energy from inside the refrigerator to the outside. Lesson 3 - Now

Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice Chapter Review Menu

Thermal energy can be transferred by conduction, radiation, and convection. Thermal energy also can be transformed into other forms of energy and used in devices such as thermostats, refrigerators, and automobile engines. The BIG Idea

Lesson 1: Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat The temperature of a material is the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up the material. Heat is the movement of thermal energy from a material or area with a higher temperature to a material or area with a lower temperature. When a material is heated, the material’s temperature changes. Key Concepts 1

Lesson 2: Thermal Energy Transfers When a material has a low specific heat, transferring a small amount of energy to the material increases its temperature significantly. When a material is heated, the thermal energy of the material increases and the material expands. Thermal energy can be transferred by conduction, radiation, or convection. Key Concepts 2

Lesson 3: Using Thermal Energy The two different metals in a bimetallic coil inside a thermostat expand and contract at different rates. The bimetallic coil curs and uncurls, depending on the thermal energy of the air, pushing a switch that turns a heating or cooling device on or off. A refrigerator keeps food cold by moving thermal energy from inside the refrigerator out to the refrigerator’s surroundings. In a car engine, chemical energy in fuel is transformed into thermal energy. Some of this thermal energy is then transformed into mechanical energy. Key Concepts 3

Which describes the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the particles that make up a material? A. heat B. temperature C. thermal energy D. mechanical energy Chapter Review – MC1

The transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by electromagnetic waves is called what? A. conduction B. radiation C. specific heat D. thermal expansion Chapter Review – MC2

Which refers to a decrease in a material’s volume when its temperature decreases? A. conduction B. radiation C. thermal contraction D. thermal expansion Chapter Review – MC3

Which describes the amount of thermal energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1°C? A. thermal expansion B. specific heat C. convection D. conduction Chapter Review – MC4

What term refers to the part of a thermostat that expands and contracts to turn a furnace on and off? A. coolant B. piston C. bimetallic coil D. heat engine Chapter Review – MC5

What term refers to the movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object? A. temperature B. heat C. potential energy D. kinetic energy Chapter Review – STP1

Which term refers to a material through which thermal energy does not flow easily? A. convection current B. thermal contraction C. thermal conductor D. thermal insulator Chapter Review – STP2

Which is the movement of fluids in a cycle because of convection? A. convection current B. thermal contraction C. thermal expansion D. thermal conductor Chapter Review – STP3

Which term describes the transfer of thermal energy between materials by the collisions of particles? A. convection B. conduction C. thermal expansion D. thermal contraction Chapter Review – STP4

Which describes a machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy? A. piston B. thermostat C. heat engine D. heating appliance Chapter Review – STP5