C ENTER FOR THE B UILT E NVIRONMENT O CTOBER 2003 Ways to Use Wireless to Operate Buildings Better CBE Edward Arens, Cliff Federspiel, David Auslander,Therese Peffer, Charlie Huizenga BWRC Paul Wright, Jan Rabaey, + BSAC Richard White + Berkeley Intel Lab David Culler +

Building Systems and Their Monitoring Needs Lighting, temperature, sound, air quality… Electricity, gas, water, weather… Occupancy, comfort, productivity Building Energy People Current situation:  Insufficient number of environmental sensors (1/1000sf)  Ineffective placement of sensors (limited by wires)  Monthly lump-sum electricity/gas bills  Occupants have little information, insight, or influence over their building environment

Occupancy model Motion sensor Sound sensor Door sensor Human schedule Zone temperature sensor Solar radiation sensor Anemometer Individual recognize sensor Physiology sensor HVAC condition Pressure around building CO 2 sensor Fuel/electric price Plug power measurement Daylight illumination Survey of occupant reaction Individual comfort model Building thermal model Lighting model Window status sensor Structure temperature sensor Plug load model Decisions Message to occupants Adjust position Start on/off Control devices Provide information Setpoint reset Suggest action Total power consumption model Human productivity model Shut down HVAC system model Zone light sensor Weather condition Shading Window Blinds AC Vent Refriger Computer Office device Lights Sensing and Actuation Opportunities

Sensing, intelligence, actuation:  Detect ambient conditions, solar radiation, wind pressure, natural light, perspiration, occupancy,…  Trade-off energy, thermal comfort, and visual need,…  Appropriate adjustments are made at: vav valve, light dimmer, reflective vanes,… Perspective in a Perimeter Zone Light ballast VAV actuator Reflective vane actuator Occupancy sensor Desk climate sensor Window switch Climate sensor Base station BACnet Comfort stat

Prototype wireless lighting control system Motivation Lighting accounts for ~50% of commercial building electricity consumption Switching is often inadequate and inflexible and results in significant energy waste One switch may control the lights for many occupants Switches are often not conveniently located “Ownership” of switches is unclear Switching often does not work well with daylight patterns

Objective Develop a lighting control system that is: Highly flexible Wireless Cost effective There are many wireless systems in development and in the marketplace. What’s different about our approach? Does not require special ballasts Will work for new or retrofit applications Is easily reprogrammed by the user Will have a low installation cost per switch/fixture ($20 target)

System Overview Wireless controller Desktop, mobile, or wall mounted switch Light sensor

System components BallastWireless switch to lamps Power supply Radio motes Wireless controller Light sensor Motion sensor

Control flexibility Switches can be operated by either a local switch or through a central control system

Lighting Groups Perimeter Daylight Group

Lighting Groups Emergency Group

Lighting Groups Jethro’s Workspace

Lighting Groups Madonna’s Workspace

Control strategies More creative strategies are possible than with a simple switch…  Lights on/off  Lights needed/not needed  Minimum light level  Emergency lights on  Non-critical lights off

Progress  Prototype design  2 prototypes built

Residential Demand Response Project Objectives:  To respond to dynamic electricity pricing, we need: A meter that records time-of-use, as well as use. A system that can automatically operate HVAC and other equipment in response to price signals. An interface that accurately obtains the occupants’ preferences between price and comfort. Information devices that help the occupant respond intelligently. Sensors and actuators that can be easily installed, (ie, wireless).  To be a breakthrough, this system must be inexpensive: $50 for meter, $30 for thermostat, $10 for sensor nodes. It must also last at least 10 years without battery changes.

Existing Meter Power User Interface DSL, Cable, Cell-phone text messaging, or WAN radio system Home Server Base Station (Wi-Fior TinyOS) Indoor Sensors Outdoor Sensors Panel Heating System Air Conditioner Hot Water Heater Pool Pump (Links by Internet or wireless services to:) Electrical Utility Grid Operator Weather Service… Price schedules in, Electric usage out Refrigerator Appliances Wattmeters, Switches, Action-suggesting alerts and displays Sun control blinds, Lighting dimmers Smart Ventilator (two alternatives) Existing Meter Power User Interface DSL, Cable, Cell-phone text messaging, or WAN radio system Home Server Base Station (Wi-Fior TinyOS) Indoor Sensors Outdoor Sensors Panel Heating System Air Conditioner Hot Water Heater Pool Pump (Links by Internet or wireless services to:) Electrical Utility Grid Operator Weather Service… Price schedules in, Electric usage out Refrigerator Appliances Wattmeters, Switches, Action-suggesting alerts and displays Sun control blinds, Lighting dimmers Smart Ventilator (two alternatives) Demand-response system

Demonstration Sept. 30 Attendees: California Energy Comm. Commissioner Rosenfeld and staff PIER staff TAC members CIEE List of demos: DR System Framework Physical model User interface Energy Scavenging Light and vibration Power on/off motes Device prototyping Thermostat Price-signalling mote

Wattmeters and wireless relays (By Richard White’s group at BSAC) MEMS cantilever with piezoelectric film

DR System simulation and control DR system simulated in Java code, including: House thermal behavior. DR control algorithms. Wireless network communications. Will control the model house via the wireless motes.

External Communication Goal Seeking Supervisory Control Coordination Direct Control Interface Sensor/ Actuator Physical Target Realtime pricing from Utility via meter Operator Living Room Bed room LOW $MED $$HIGH $$$ LR Temp mote BR Temp mote Ext Temp mote Mote interface (radio to hub) AC control (wired) Fan/economizer control (wired) Heater control (wired) Energy cost vs.thermal comfort and power need On/offOn/off high/med/low On/off Power consumption vs. price Heat or cool  Typical energy saving setback Temperature setpoints  Demand Response Temperature Setpoints (based on price)  Temperature Setpoints based on adaptive model  Preheat or precool based on advance notice of price increase  Expert system optimize cooling or heating (temp sensors, weather forecast)  Manual override  Shut off Wireless motes/tiny OS Scavenged power Pool equipment On/off Water heater Refrigerator On/off Wireless relay Wireless power sensor Wireless relay at outlet Smart Thermostat Control Levels Wireless motes Scavenged power Tiny OS Weather forecast (WWW) Thermal comfort vs. price  Auto control of water heater, refrigerator, pool equipment depending on price  Send notice to motes on stove, washer, dryer, dishwasher (current price and upcoming price)  Operator presets typical setback Temperature setpoints  Operator presets Demand Response temperature setpoints (amount of temperature discomfort acceptable based on price).  Operator maintains manual override. Use economizer fan or ac Power to which appliance Temp mote in Ref Stove, Washer, Dryer, Dishwasher Blow dryer… Traffic light on appliance Smart advice text Window/blind Sensor on window or blind What, how, when Computer Appliance power sensors Operator actuated Power sensor Wireless relay Power sensor

Thermostat simulation and prototyping Working,interactive thermostat simulated on PC screen Thermostat and signalling motes fabricated using rapid prototyping

Energy usage screen

Obtaining user preferences We are examining various versions of interface—the challenge is to balance energy cost and comfort.