High Performance Commercial Buildings Initiative December 21, 2007 Energy efficiency, demand response, and Smart Buildings The CITRIS project funded by the California Energy Commission Paul K. Wright A. Martin Berlin Professor of Mechanical Engineering Acting Director, CITRIS

Conservation & Energy Efficiency: Power-Aware Buildings Emissions (MtCO 2 yr -1 ) Emissions to the atmosphere MiniCAM * CITRIS honors Energy Commissioner Arthur Rosenfeld

Wireless Technology for Energy Efficiency & Demand Response  Summer heat creates over-demand for AC  Avoid brown-outs (level the demand) during peak usage with enabling technology:  Meters, thermostats, temperature-nodes: In ad hoc self-organizing wireless networks  Demand Response scenario:  Smart Thermostat receives price signals every ¼ hour (or, emergency signals ASAP)  Users’ responses to price points lower energy costs

DR Applications running on “motes” made in field deployments of REM multi-agent system with sense and actuation utilizing multi-hop wsn / ~2 inches

Disaggregated Thermostat  7 sensors, 1 meter, 1 thermostat, 1 router  30days/“Live”  4 people

Earlier successes  So far, the DR-ETD project has proven that microcomputers, cheaper radios, TinyOS, MEMS sensors, energy scavenging and WSNs are the enabling technology for a DR responsive system  Enabling technology for  New Meter  New Thermostat  New TempNode  Example of TempNode from 2004/5 publications

New thermostat shows price of electricity in ¢/kWhr + expected monthly bill. New meter conveys real-time usage, back to service provider. Wireless beacons (smart dust) allow for fine-tuned comfort/control. Incoming price signals Appliance lights show price level & appliances powered-down Demand Response in a “Smart House”

 ntation.pdf estimates CA would need 10 new power plants by 2013 to meet “business as usual” growth. But that Demand Response and Energy Efficiency eliminate the need for 5 new plants which, in turn, saves 9 million tons of CO2 emissions or a $10 billion in net savings to consumers. ntation.pdf

SPP State-wide pricing pilot  2003 and 2004  Residential  “No-tech” --- gave 12% demand (peak) reduction  Phone calls or pager signals  “Max-tech” --- gave 40% demand (peak) reduction  Used ADRS system ($1,800 per home: gateway box and computer-based information, thermostat, etc..)  “Disaggregated Thermostats” etc should be reduced to <$200 as a package per house) in order to launch DR on a state wide basis

The Result? California energy regulators approved a PG&E plan in July 2006 to upgrade all of the company’s residential electricity and natural gas meters, a 5- year project that promises to change the way the utility’s customers pay for power … California energy regulators approved a PG&E plan in July 2006 to upgrade all of the company’s residential electricity and natural gas meters, a 5- year project that promises to change the way the utility’s customers pay for power … Courtesy PG&E … and the research will continue at CITRIS “Micro-mote” sensor S.F. Chronicle, July 20, 2006

Beginning Micro-integration: PicoCube January 2007

Micro-integration  Stacked PCBs  1cm square uC board top/bottom sensor board #1 top/bottom on a dime radio board top/bottom switch/power board top/bottom storage board top/blank bottom sensor board #2 top/bottom radio COB die Graphic used for the hands-on part of the demo..

Pico Cube 2006 >> DR cube 2009 Moteiv CrossBow Sunspot Dust Crossbow PicoCube $10’s $1’s $0.1’s $0.01’s Hitachi u-chip General Purpose ASIC Micro-integration allows even cheaper platforms It doesn’t get less expensive than this DR Cube 2009

Summary: Micro-integration of Hardware, Software, & Applications  10x cost reduction, 10x capability increase  Macro to micro UCB research  Micro-computers  Micro-radios  Micro-sensors  Micro-power supplies  DR software applications  <$2 BOM per platform  Micro-integrated platform for meters, thermostats, temperature-nodes. Enables control and learning > 2009

The way forward  So far, the DR-ETD project has proven that microcomputers, cheaper radios, TinyOS, MEMS sensors, energy scavenging and WSNs are the enabling technology for a DR responsive house  Now we must make DR significantly less expensive and more appealing to customers (integrated/seamless)  Accelerate innovations in the electricity sector by integrating technologies into “packages” that don’t exist in marketplace  Package technology in forms/footprints that meet energy/DR requirements

Vision for 2020… $/kWh $/gal cfm/river ppm/city $/ton ton/town kW/house Try this…

Design concept: Permanent magnets and piezoelectric Materials  Permanent magnets can couple to the magnetic fields surrounding AC current carriers  Piezoelectric materials can transducer the forces on the permanent magnet to an output voltage piezoelectric bimorph permanent magnets appliance power cord (cross-section view) rigid cantilever mounting output voltage