Inner diameter or nominal size Schedule (wall thickness) Basic design criteria –Phase –Flow Pressure –Temperature Example: 2” Schedule 80

Common ASTM/ANSI standards Basic design criteria –Pressure –Chemical resistance –Environment, corrosion –Surface roughness Examples: Seamless 316L SS, 304 SS, Carbon Steel, Galvanized, PVC, Silicone Flex Tube, HDPE, Glass Lined Steel, Clean Copper

Flange, screwed, tri-clamp, weld Examples: –ASME/ANSI B # F.F. flange –1/2” NPT –2” ASME BPE, Tri-Clover –Butt weld

Picture from Autodesk P&ID

Describes intended process fluid Utility supply or return Examples: –Acid –Feed or product transfer –Dry process air –Process wastes –Clean-In-Place (CIP) Supply –Steam condensate

Slope requirement Insulation for protection, heat, chilled

Plant-wide typical piping specifications Uniquely identify each line or service Fictional Examples: –2-160-SST4-BPE-CIPS-XXX-PP –4-80-BGS-BW-PW-XXX –1/2-FLEX-FEED-XXX –2-80-CC-NPT-HWFI-XXX-HC

Measurement or Control Input or Output –Analog or Discrete ANSI/ISA S5.1 standard symbols and tag nomenclature

Control system’s perspective of the process and operators Inputs bring measurements or status Outputs can manipulate the process Examples: –Thermometer = input –Magnetic stir bar speed = output

Valves Motors Elements and transmitters Heat exchangers

Diaphragm Butterfly Ball and V-Ball Globe, Gate, Plug, Needle Check Safety and Relief Regulator Solenoid

Pictures from Fisher Valve

Manifolds Block and bleed 3-way, 4-way

Picture from Festo Picture from eBay of SMC Manifold

Pictures from Fisher Valve

Fail Closed valve –Instrument air actuates open –Springs force closed Fail Open valve –Springs force open –Instrument air actuates closed

Limit switches Absolute registers Depicted as sharing common housing with valve

Positive displacement pump –Diaphragm –Gear Peristaltic pump Centrifugal pump Agitator

Vibration sensors can be used to detect cavitation or other conditions Current sensing relays can be used to confirm a motor is running Hand-Off-Auto (HOA) switch is typically for pumps Emergency stop switch typically interlocks motors

Elements sense process conditions Transmitters convert element’s response into signal for control system Switches are discrete transmitters, flip at preset point(s) on scale

Gage Differential Absolute Switches Diaphragm connection

RTD Thermocouple

Load Cells Flush with floor plates

Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) Dissolved oxygen (DO) Turbidity/Optical density Viscosity Conductivity Offline sampling to GC, MS and more

Provide nearby operator quick overriding pump contol Acknowledge and reset alarm push buttons Emergency stop mushroom push button

Typically cuts off instrument air supply, stroked valves return to fail state Stops and interlocks all moving parts

Hard-wired Interlocks DCS or PLC Software Interlocks Use notes to detail cause and effect