DIRECT DARK MATTER DETECTION AT THE CANFRANC UNDERGROUND LABORATORY FPA2011-23749 JOSÉ ANGEL VILLAR RIVACOBA Universidad de Zaragoza

The Search for Dark Matter Plan of the talk The Research Group Members and Scientific Activities Previous Projects on Dark Matter The Search for Dark Matter The ANAIS & ROSEBUD experiments Past milestones Most relevant results The New Project Future goals and perspectives Main aspects of the budget requested

RESEARCH GROUP

The Research Group 11 EDP’s 6,5 EDP’s 17 members Permanent Staff (PhD) Postdoctorals Technical Staff - José Angel Villar (P.I.) Catedrático (100%) - Jorge Puimedón Profesor Titular (100%) - Eduardo García - Marisa Sarsa Profesora Titular (100%) - Julio Amaré Profesor Titular (50%) - Ana Salinas Profesora Titular (50%) - Susana Cebrián Profesora Contr. Doctor (50%) - María Martínez Investig. ARAID (100%) - Carlos Pobes Investig. Contr. CPAN (100%) - Héctor Gómez Investig. Contr. CPAN (50%) - Ysrael Ortigoza Investig. Contr. MICINN (100%) - Alfonso Ortíz Ing. Técnico UZ (100%) - David Fortuño Ing. Técnico MICINN (100%) - Javier Mena Técnico FPII MICINN (100%) 17 members Permanent: 9 Postgraduates - Clara Cuesta Becario DGA (100%) - Carlos Ginestra Becaria MICINN (100%) - Miguel Angel Oliván Contratado CPAN (100%) 11 EDP’s 6,5 EDP’s

Scientific Activities Experimental search for Dark Matter Scintillating crystals of ultra pure NaI(Tl) ANAIS Scintillating bolometers working at very low temperature ROSEBUD R&D program in ultra low background techniques Measurement & selection of radiopure materials Copper electroforming of selected pieces for detectors Scientific & technical support to LSC UZ Group is the only Scientific Unit associated to the LSC Environmental radioactivity measurements Spanish program of environmental radioactivity survey Developping of the first map of natural radioactivity in Aragón  

Previous Projects on Dark Matter (Last 10 years) “Búsqueda por detección directa de partículas de Materia Oscura en el Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc”. FPA2001-02437 I.P.: Ángel Morales / José Angel Villar (2002-2004) “Programa experimental de Materia Oscura y Física de Neutrinos en el Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc”. FPA2004-00974 I.P.: José Ángel Villar (2005-2007) “Programa experimental de Materia Oscura en el Laboratorio Subte- rráneo de Canfranc”. FPA2007-63777 I.P.: José Ángel Villar (2008-2009) “Búsqueda de Materia Oscura en el Laboratorio Subterráneo de Can- franc: Experimentos ANAIS y ROSEBUD”. FPA2008-03228 I.P.: José Ángel Villar (2009-2011)

The Canfranc Underground Laboratory Spanish Singular Scientific Facility (2450 m.w.e.) Created by our research group in 1986 1400 m2 underground + 1800 m2 on surface Operative since Summer 2010 Mounting most of approved experiments

SEARCH FOR DARK MATTER

W W ~ 1 THE UNIVERSE SEEMS TO BE MOSTLY DARK The Dark Matter Problem We can conclude that most of the matter is non baryonic and formed by non conventional particles of unknown nature THE UNIVERSE SEEMS TO BE MOSTLY DARK W ~ 1 Dark Energy ~73% W Non-Barionic Dark Matter ~23% Barionic Dark Matter ~ 3.5% Barionic Visible Matter ~ 0.5%

Scintillating bolometers Experiments for direct detection of DM Noble liquids Noble liquids ZEPLIN, XENON, WARP, ArDM XMASS, CLEAN, LUX, CLEAN, DEAP Superheating liquids SIMPLE, COUPP, PICASSO, COGENT NaI crystals IONIZATION LIGHT DAMA/LIBRA, ANAIS TPCs DRIFT, MIMAC, DMTPC, NEWAGE WIMP Bolometers Ge, Si Scintillating bolometers EDELWEISS, CDMS CRESST, ROSEBUD HEAT

The ANAIS experiment 40 cm neutron shielding Active veto PVC box 2 mm Cd 10 cm Roman lead 20 cm lead Vibration isolator Project: 100-250 kg NaI(Tl) scintillators to be installed at the new facilities of LSC Goal: Look for annual modulation in the dark matter signal Motivation: DAMA-LIBRA positive result in annual modulation of the dark matter signal (250 kg NaI(Tl), exposure: 0,87 ton.year) Interest: Comparison of experiments is model–dependent  same target NaI Main challenge: Radiopurity at the level of ppb in: NaI powder, crystals, PMT’s and other inner components

Past milestones in the way to ANAIS Dark matter experiments with Ge detectors COSME @ LSC (1990-92 & 1998-99) COSME-SUR @ Sierra Grande (Argentina) (1994-97) IGEX-DM @ LSC (1999-2003) Dark matter searches with NaI(Tl) scintillators NaI-32 @ LSC, 32 kg NaI, Mt: 4614 kg.day (1993-95) looking for annual modulation effect → No evidence ANAIS prototypes I-IV @ LSC (2002-2010) energy threshold, radiopurity, light collection,… ANAIS-0 data taking ongoing (2011) Experiment in the Road map of ASPERA (2007) Approval of ANAIS as a LSC experiment (2008) DM-Ice contact for possible synergies & common goals (2011)

Most relevant results of ANAIS prototypes Low energy achievements Trigger at photoelectron level achieved Calibration at very low energy (< 3 keV): linear behaviour Low energy estimators & noise rejection criteria developed Required energy threshold (2 keVee) achievable Low background achievements Understanding & reduction of background LB, ULB & HQE PMT’s testing (radiopurity, QE, resolution) PSA for a/bg discrimination (U/Th internal contamination) 40K internal contamination measured (coinc. technique) Copper electroforming ready (clean components) New NaI powder purification process (< 100 ppb in Potassium) Radiopure crystal growth process needed (40K, Th, U) Required low background level (< 2 evt/keV/kg/day) achievable

The ROSEBUD experiment Technique: Scintillating bolometers Simultaneous measurement of heat & light Particle discrimination capability  background rejection Multiple target choice Interest: Search for new Dark Matter targets and application as neutron detectors Goal: Develop and optimize scintillating bolometers of different materials with applications in Nuclear and Particle Physics experiments

Past milestones of ROSEBUD Collaboration with IAS (Orsay) (1997) Underground cryogenic facilities Installation at old facilities of LSC (1998)  dilution unit , construction of Faraday cage + vacuum pumping (1999) Cryogenic facility  Low bkg cryogenic facility (2001) Installation @ new facilities of LSC (ongoing) (2011) Incorporation to EURECA (2006) 1 ton cryogenic hybrid detector array @ LSM (running 2018)  1st stage: 100-150 kg (running 2015) Collaboration with ADG of Lisbon (2007) Installation @ Zaragoza of Kelvinox 100 dilution refrigerator Reparation and upgrading of dilution unit Preliminary tests with NTD-Ge sensors Approval of ROSEBUD as a LSC experiment (2008)

Most relevant results of ROSEBUD DM search Experiment with Al2O3 bolometers (1999) First underground light vs heat discrimination (CaWO4) (2001) Multi-target strategy (distinctive WIMP signal) with bolometers (2004) and with scintillating bolometers (2007) Excellent light-heat discrim. of nuclear recoils: 10 keV (Al2O3) (2007) Nuclear physics Rare alpha decays (W isotopes) (CaWO4) (2003) (K/L) ratio in 207Bi EC (BGO) (2010) Fast and thermal neutron detection (LiF & Al2O3) (2008) Detectors characterization Absolute ligtht yield measurement (Al2O3) (2005) Thermal REF of nuclear recoils measurement (Al2O3) (2008) Energy partition (light-heat-traps) (2011) BGO LiF Al2O3 10 keV 6Li(n,a) resonances

NEW PROJECT

Future goals of ANAIS 1 Mounting new housing for ANAIS in hall B of LSC Full conditioning & characterization of new cabin Data analysis of the first test runs with ANAIS-0 module Acquisition system and data analysis (software & hardware) Testing & optimization of new acquisition system @ LSC Development of new software for slow control & data analysis Characterization & selection of PMT’s Characterization & selection of PMT’s (LB, ULB, HQE) Analysis of background, efficiency, light collection and threshold Purification up to 250 kg of radiopure NaI Final negociations & fixing of total mass and schedule Production of radiopure NaI batches & testing radiopurity

Future goals of ANAIS 2 Production of the radiopure NaI detectors Growth protocol definition & detectors characteristics Crystals growing & test of radiopurity Encapsulation, PMT coupling & final testing Full ANAIS mounting & commisioning Reception & detector testing before mounting Final mounting and commisioning @ LSC Data analysis of ANAIS experiment Possible future improvements of ANAIS ANAIS simulations with feedback of experimental results Analysis of possible addition of CsI detectors Experimental study of temperature on the crystals response

Future goals of ROSEBUD Testing of new scintillating materials at very low temperatures Study of new possible dark matter targets Thermal n detection and fast n spectrocopy Study of energy partition mechanisms & scintillation characteristics Study of scintillation at low temperatures Analysis of resolution & threshold improvement Design of new mechanical structures for housing double bolometers Study of low background requeriments Technical design, construction and test of light collection Screening of materials for EURECA Design of protocols & preparation of samples Radiopurity measurements with HPGe detectors

BUDGET

Requested budget 1 PERSONNEL 295.000 € INVESTMENTS 550.000 € Physicist/Engineer (Computing) (3 years) 128.000 € Technical Engineer (Electronics) (2 years) 76.000 € FPII Technician (Maintenance - UZ/LSC Net) (3 years) 91.000 € INVESTMENTS 550.000 € ANAIS (24 detectors) Ultra-low background PMT’s 260.000 € Electronic modules (CAEN, MATACQ, homemade) 115.600 € Shieldings (plastic detectors, lead bricks, methacrylate box) 58.400 € Refrigeration system (cooling up to -30º) 43.000 € ROSEBUD Scintillating crystals / bolometers 26.000 € Electronic modules (HV and amplifiers) 33.000 € Small cryogenic components 14.000 €

Requested budget 2 CONSUMABLES 50.000 € TRAVELS EXPENSES 55.000 € Liquid nitrogen, helium, small electronic components, chemist and hardware materials, … TRAVELS EXPENSES 55.000 € Travels Zaragoza-Canfranc to operate the experiments, atendance to scientific meetings and workshops, … OTHERS 20.000 € Material transport, works in external workshops, … Personnel 295.000 € Investments 550.000 € Consumables 50.000 € Travel expenses 55.000 € Others 20.000 € TOTAL 970.000 €

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