GREENSTIM Helping the plants to overcome environmental stresses For production of open field vegetables and fruits Improves the crop performance under conditions of heat, cold, salinity and drought Increases the amount of phytomass, seed and fruit yield Widely tested on different crops under commercial cultivations Natural and environmentally safe product

GREENSTIM Mode of action Based on glycinebetaine which occurs naturally in many organisms Accumulates naturally in certain plants (e.g. sugarbeet, spinach) in response to cold, drought and salinity Penetrates through the plant surface and translocates throughout the plant within 24-hours Protects the plant cells against negative effects of environmental stresses

GREENSTIM Structure of the betaine molecule NCC C C C O O H H H H H H H H HH H methyl groups Osmolyte Molecular weight 117,15

GREENSTIM Greenstim production Sugar beet Beet sugar factory Molasses betaine 3-6 % PulpSugar Separation Greenstim Sep. molassesSugar Process steps: Water extraction Juice purification Concentration Crystallization Process steps: Filtration Chromatographic separation Concentration Crystallization

GREENSTIM Greenstim as an osmoprotectant Greenstim acts as an osmoprotectant in the plant cell Facilitates water uptake and retention Stabilizes enzymes and protects membranes Enhances photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and translocation during environmental stresses

GREENSTIM Effect of Greenstim in the plant cell I Less inhibitory to enzyme activity than equivalent concentrations of inorganic ions Protects root membranes against heat destabilization Protects thylakoids against freezing stress Protects against NaCl/KCl inhibition and heat denaturation of several plant enzymes

GREENSTIM Effect of Greenstim in the plant cell II Protects enzymes against inactivation in dilute solution Protects proteins against the unfavorable consequences of dehydration Protects the oxygen-evolving PSII against the inhibitory effects of NaCl by preventing salt-induced dissocation of proteins Increases the threshold temperature for inhibition of PSII-mediated electron transport of chloroplasts

GREENSTIM Water flows out of the cell Lower electrolyte concentration Water flows out of the cell Electrolyte Increased electrolyte concentration in the cell Cell shrinks Water no longer flows out of the cell Depressed metabolism Hyperosmotic stress and no compensatory mechanisms

GREENSTIM K+K+ Water balance maintained Cell volume maintained High energy cost Depressed metabolism Increased electrolyte concentration in the cell Hyperosmotic stress and compensation with K + -uptake K+K+ K+K+ water

GREENSTIM Hyperosmotic stress and compensation with glycinebetaine K+K+ Water balance maintained Cell volume maintained Lower energy cost Stable metabolism Stable electrolyte concentration in the cell Glycinebetaine K+K+ NCC C C C O O H H H H H H H H HH H + -

GREENSTIM Metabolic rate reducedMetabolic rate normal Increased salt levels Salts Water Osmotic stress no Greenstim Greenstim Greenstim as an osmoprotectant Turgor pressure negativeTurgor pressure positive

GREENSTIM Betaine - methyl donor *SAM methionine Homocysteine Betaine CH3 Protein synthesis Cysteine Methyl group ATP Important functions: DNA/RNA synthesis secondary metabolites *S-adenosyl methionine Me-transferases

GREENSTIM Abiotic environmental stresses Abiotic environmental stresses are important factors limiting crop productivity 1. Lack of water and salinity Affect around 40 % of the most productive areas Mediterranean basin, California, Southern Asia, Australia Plants are sensitive to Na, Cl, So 2 2. Low temperatures 3. High temperatures

GREENSTIM Water deficit stress Water deficit stress disturbs many plant growth processes: –Cell enlargement and reduces growth of leaves, stem cell wall synthesis and reproductive structures –Protein synthesis reduces enzyme activity –Stomatal opening reduces photosynthesis –Photosynthesis reduces growth

GREENSTIM Relationship between photosynthesis in leaf water potential (trendsetting)

GREENSTIM Greenstim improves the fruit retention under environmental stresses

GREENSTIM Storage and package size Storage in room temperature and protected from humidity In an unopened package the self life of the product is 2 years Package sizes 2 kg, 25 kg and big bag ( kg)