1 IV. Electrodes In order to measure biopotentials, we must convert the ionic activity of the excitable cells of interest to electrical signals. In order.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Alessandro Volta invented the electric battery in 1800, and with it, he produced the first steady flow of electric charge, i.e. current electricity. This.
Advertisements

بنام خداوند عليم.
7th Lecture Dimitar Stefanov. Recapping Three types electrodes are used for sensing of EMG signals: 1.indwelling (intramuscular) electrodes (single fiber.
Chapter 5-Webster Biopotential Electrodes
Biomedical Instrumentation
Introduction to electrochemical systems Sähkökemian peruseet KE Tanja Kallio C213 CH 1.
Electrochemical Cells
Biopotential electrodes A complex interface Basics of Instrumentation, Measurement and Analysis 2011, 2012.
Chapter 5. Biopotential Electrodes Michael R. Neuman
Biopotential electrodes A complex interface Summer School Timisoara 2002R. Hinz.
Introduction to Electroanalytical Chemistry
Biopotential Electrodes
Biopotential Electrodes (Ch. 5)
Introduction to electrochemistry - Basics of all techniques -
Biopotential electrodes
Biopotential Electrodes III
Cells have positive and negative electrodes.
Electrophysiology the science and branch of physiology that pertains to the flow of ions in biological tissues and, in particular, to the electrical recording.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS AND BASIC ELECTROANALYTICAL MEASUREMENTS ANDREA MARDEGAN JAN 17th 2013.
Super-capacitors Vs. Capacitors  No conventional dielectric  Two layers of the same substrate, result in the effective separation of charge  Lack of.
Basic Electronics. Need to know Definition of basic electrical paramater A set of rules for elementary circuit analysis The means of current flow in circuits.
Bio-signals.
Resting membrane potential 1 mV= V membrane separates intra- and extracellular compartments inside negative (-80 to -60 mV) due to the asymmetrical.
Example Problem You are measuring the EEG of a patient and accidently choose two different types of electrodes for EEG lead. One of them has a source impedance.
Biopotential Electrodes III. Electrodes Recording Stimulating.
Unit 3 Day 1: Voltage, Current, Resistance & Ohm’s Law Batteries Electric Current Conventional Current Resistance Resistors Energy Dissipated in a Resistor.
Biomedical Instrumentation
Chapter 34 Electric Current Voltage is an “electrical pressure that can produce a flow of charge, or current, within a conductor. The flow is restrained.
Ch. 34 Electric Current.
Biopotential Amplifier Speaker: Sun Shih-Yu 3/20, 2006.
BMI2 SS08 – Class 9 “EEG-MEG 1” Slide 1 Biomedical Imaging 2 Class 9 – Electric and Magnetic Field Imaging: Electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetoencephalography.
Electric current Electric current is a flow of charge In metallic conductors, the charge is carried by electrons.
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
Biomedical Electrodes, Sensors, and Transducers
 Learners must be able to define galvanic cell in terms of electrode reaction. e.g. salt bridge.(N.B. anode and cathode)  Learners must be able to do.
Introduction to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
David Perry The University of Warwick Electrochemistry and Interfaces Group Bias Modulated Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (BM-SICM)
Electrochemistry for Engineers LECTURE 4 Lecturer: Dr. Brian Rosen Office: 128 Wolfson Office Hours: Sun 16:00.
Charged Interfaces Interfaces form at the physical boundary between two phases : Introduction  a solid and a liquid (S/L)  a liquid and its vapor (L/V),
Electrolytic Cells Section 9.2. Vocabulary Electrolysis: electrical energy used to bring about a non-spontaneous redox reaction Electrolyte: any substance.
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS AND BASIC ELECTROANALYTICAL MEASUREMENTS Sunny Holmberg January 19 th
When current is flowing in an ordinary metal wire, the magnitude of the average velocity of the electrons is closest to A) 1 m/s. B) 1 km/s. C) 10 m/s.
Topic: Electric Current and Electrical Energy PSSA: C / S8.C.2.1.
BIO POTENTIAL ELECTRODES. ELECTRODES What is an electrode? Device that converts ‘ionic potentials’ into ‘electronic potentials’ They are employed to pick.
Circuit Electricity. Electric Circuits The continuous flow of electrons in a circuit is called current electricity. Circuits involve… –Energy source,
Electric Current Chapter 34.2, 34.4, 34.5, and Notes.
N ERVOUS S YSTEM Neuron Physiology. N EURONS So, we know how neurons are structured (built) but how do they actually work? ACTION POTENTIALS.
OBJECTIVES Describe the method for measurement of membrane potential
Cd(s) ↔ Cd2+ + 2e- depends on [Cd2+]s and not [Cd2+]o
Electricity within the body lect.8
CH5715 Energy Conversion and Storage
BIOELECTRONICS 1 Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban Mahmoud
Three types electrodes are used for sensing of EMG signals:
Cells & Batteries.
Basic Corrosion Theory
Chapter 7 Electrochemistry
Integrated Science C Mrs. Brostrom
Electrochemical cells
Figure 5.1 Electrode-electrolyte interface The current crosses it from left to right. The electrode consists of metallic atoms C. The electrolyte is an.
Electric current is when electrons start to flow around a circuit
Voltage, Current, Resistance & Ohm’s Law
Biopotential electrodes
Components of bio-medical instrument system
Electrodes: 3 types Types: Micro electrode Depth & needle electrodes
Biopotential electrodes
Sources of Induced Polarization Effects
Knowledge Organiser – Electricity
Biomedical Electronics & Bioinstrumentation
Presentation transcript:

1 IV. Electrodes In order to measure biopotentials, we must convert the ionic activity of the excitable cells of interest to electrical signals. In order to measure biopotentials, we must convert the ionic activity of the excitable cells of interest to electrical signals. This conversion process, a transduction of ions to electrons, is accomplished by the use of specially designed electrodes. This conversion process, a transduction of ions to electrons, is accomplished by the use of specially designed electrodes.

2 A. Fundamentals 1. Electrochemistry 1. Electrochemistry A- = anion in electrolyte (in this case, the ion with the greatest affinity for the metal electrode) A- = anion in electrolyte (in this case, the ion with the greatest affinity for the metal electrode) C = metallic atom C = metallic atom e- = electron e- = electron Electrode/Electrolyte Interface

3 2. Half-Cell Potentials 2. Half-Cell Potentials Half-cell potentials (i.e. the difference in the potential of the metal relative to that of the electrolyte) arise because one ion in the electrolyte has a greater affinity for the metal used in the electrode. Half-cell potentials (i.e. the difference in the potential of the metal relative to that of the electrolyte) arise because one ion in the electrolyte has a greater affinity for the metal used in the electrode. The magnitude and polarity of this potential if no current (ionic or electronic) is flowing, is a function of: The magnitude and polarity of this potential if no current (ionic or electronic) is flowing, is a function of: type of metal type of metal surface cleanliness surface cleanliness electrolyte type and concentration electrolyte type and concentration These potentials could be over 1-V in amplitude These potentials could be over 1-V in amplitude

4 3. Polarizable vs. Nonpolarizable 3. Polarizable vs. Nonpolarizable When a dc current passes through the electrode, its half-cell potential is altered Vhc = Vhc|i=0 + Vp where Vp = Vr + Vc + Va Vr = ohmic overvoltage Vc = concentration overvoltage Va = activation energy overvoltage Vp = polarization overvoltage If Vp is roughly 0, then the electrode is called a nonpolarizable electrode. Polarizable electrodes will have a detectable Vp

5 B. Surface Electrodes

6 1. Equivalent Circuit Vhc = half-cell potential Vhc = half-cell potential RB = bulk resistance of "electrolyte RB = bulk resistance of "electrolyte R = leakage resistance across double-layer R = leakage resistance across double-layer C = capacitance across double-layer C = capacitance across double-layer

7 2. Applications Electrocardiography (ECG) measurements Electrocardiography (ECG) measurements Noninvasive electrogastrography (EGG) measurements Noninvasive electrogastrography (EGG) measurements Electroencephalography (EEG) measurements Electroencephalography (EEG) measurements

8 C. Microelectrodes Designed to penetrate the membrane of a cell, or be placed in close proximity to individual neurons Designed to penetrate the membrane of a cell, or be placed in close proximity to individual neurons Tip sizes range from 0.05 to 10 mm Tip sizes range from 0.05 to 10 mm Typically have very high impedances Typically have very high impedances

9 1. Glass Micropipette

10

11 2. Metal

12

13 3. Microelectronic

14 4. Applications Electromyography (EMG) measurements (metal needle) Electromyography (EMG) measurements (metal needle) Electrocorticography (ECoG) measurements Electrocorticography (ECoG) measurements Intracellular potential measurements Intracellular potential measurements