FLUKA release CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Sept. 2006

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka Major steps since March 2005 May 2005 : definition and approval of the FLUKA license July 2005 : release of FLUKA ; release of the FLUKA source code for INFN and CERN researchers October 2005 : Publication of the FLUKA description and user guide as a CERN yellow report ( CERN ) September 2006 : Release of FLUKA

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka Highlights from FLUKA release notes: Elimination of the PEMF preprocessor Radioactive products online evolution and associated remnant dose calculation Electromagnetic dissociation for heavy ions New photon cross sections (EPDL97) New/updated photon interaction models Interface to DPMJET-3 ( 2.53 already available) Use of parentheses in the geometry Extension of the PEANUT hadronic generator to anti- nucleons and extension of its energy range

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka New Release: FLUKA Major new features: (see release notes for details) Input by names Generation of primary ionisation events (request by ALICE) New high-energy hadronic generator (available as option, it will become the default) Improvements in the evaporation/fission models First implementation of photon-muon pair production An initial implementation of the BME model for low energy nucleus-nucleus interactions (available on request) β +/- spectra now include Coulomb and screening corrections

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka New Release: FLUKA , cont. Major new features: (see release notes for details) Speed up of radionuclide evolution Residual nuclei scoring now includes protons as well in order to help in gas production scoring Optimization algorithm for parentheses implemented Possibility of implementing the transformations required by LATTICE cards using standard ROT-DEFI cards

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka PEANUT PEANUT PreEquilibrium Approach to NUclear Thermalization PEANUT handles hadron-nucleus interactions from threshold (or 20 MeV neutrons) to 5 GeV Sophisticated Generalized IntraNuclear Cascade Smooth transition (all non-nucleons emitted/absorbed/decayed + all secondaries below MeV) Prequilibrium stage Standard Assumption on exciton number or excitation energy Common FLUKA Evaporation model

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka The “old” High Energy interaction model  Asymptotic Glauber-Gribov cascade implemented in the framework of DPM, limited only by energy availability  No explicit account for QuasiElastic (incoherent elastic) interactions considered as part of the elastic (with a proper slope)  Simplified intranuclear cascade limited to the slowest baryons of each Glauber collision (a sort of asymptotic formation zone regime)  No preequilibrium stage

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka The goal was to extend it to cover all the energy range, and substitute the high energy h-A generator with the following advantages: Extension of PEANUT Peanut has proven to be a precise and reliable tool for intermediate energy hadron-nucleus reactions Its “nuclear environment” is also used in the modelization of (real and virtual) photonuclear reactions, neutrino interactions, nucleon decays, muon captures.. 1.The treatment of Glauber multiple scattering 2.A continuous and self consistent approach to the Quasi-Elastic reaction component Only two ingredients were missing: Sophisticated (G)INC  better nuclear physics, particularly for residual production Smooth transition from intermediate to high energies Preequilibrium stage Explicit formation zone Possibility to account explicitly for QuasiElastic

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka The Transition High energy: the Glauber regime (E>  10 GeV) The first interaction involves many target nucleons coherently Quasi-Elastic * cross section separated from non-elastic  (experimentally is added to elastic) QE is suppressed since h-N inelastic is “integrated” over the projectile path in the nucleus Mass effects, energy losses, are small Low energy: the “single collision” regime (E<  5GeV) The first interaction involves one target nucleon (exc. pions) Quasi-Elastic is a considered as a contribution to non-elastic QE fraction comes from single nucleon cross section ratio Mass effects and energy losses are essential * Q.E=elastic interaction at the hadron-nucleon level

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka Problems: Physics issues: Transition from ordinary to Glauber cascade Consistent approach for Quasi-elastic interactions in the Glauber regime Self-Consistent approach for inelastic screening in the Glauber calculus Onset of the formation zone (independent of Glauber, but somewhat related) Practical issue: Experimental non-elastic cross sections at intermediate and high energies: what do they really measure?

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka Glauber cross sections with self-consistent inelastic screening * corrections (R.Engel) Total, Elastic, Quasi-Elastic and absorption cross sections computed from proton and neutron densities + hadron eikonal scattering amplitudes Self-consistent calculation including “a priori” inelastic screening through the substitution where λ is the ratio of the single diffractive amplitude, 1 side only, over the elastic amplitude Final goal: compute reliable cross sections, in order, among others, to resolve ambiguities in the experimental data and compute accurate quasi-elastic cross sections * the correction due to the neglect of diffractive scattering in the Glauber calculus

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka Preliminary cross section results (R.Engel) with inelastic screening accounted for in self-consistent way Proton Carbon cross section without inelastic screening Please note the ambiguity of the non-elastic exp. results, almost 2-population like

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka Setting the formation zone: yes Glauber, yes formation zone Rapidity distribution of charged particles produced in 250 GeV  + collisions on Aluminum (left) and Gold (right) Points: exp. data ( Agababyan et al., ZPC50, 361 (1991)). Positive Negative  + Positive Negative  +

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka Old HE model (left) vs new (PEANUT extended) Rapidity distribution of charged particles produced in 250 GeV  + collisions on Aluminum Points: exp. data ( Agababyan et al., ZPC50, 361 (1991)). Positive Negative  + Positive Negative  +

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka Old HE model (left) vs new (PEANUT extended) Rapidity distribution of charged particles produced in 250 GeV  + collisions on Gold Points: exp. data ( Agababyan et al., ZPC50, 361 (1991)). Positive Negative  + Positive Negative  +

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka New high-energy generator Data from the HARP experiment at CERN First published results : 12.9 GeV/c p on Al,  + production vs emission energy and angle presented at COSPAr2006, Beijing july 006 The accurate and reliable low energy generator, PEANUT, has been extended with the inclusion of Glauber multiple interactions

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka New generator: NA49 p on C Double differential  +  - production for p C interactions at 158 GeV/c, as measured by NA49 (symbols) and predicted by FLUKA (histograms)

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka A GeV 208 Pb + p reactions Nucl. Phys. A 686 (2001) Example of new fission/evaporation The overall result in the residual predictions in the spallation zone: Striking improvement for actinides (which was poor before) Nice improvement for non-actinides (Pb, Au etc, it was already not bad) Global improvement in the mass distribution of fission fragments for all. For non fissionable light-medium mass nuclei differences are minor: Smooth out some features and in particular some excessive odd-even effect DataData Old FLUKAOld FLUKA New FLUKANew FLUKA New only when exp data existsNew only when exp data exists

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka Example of Activity maps Activation of the n-ToF target 8.4×10 11 p/s 20 GeV/c 6 months irradiation/ 6 months off from Apr2001 to Oct2004 Cooling down till May 2006 Side view (averaged over 80 cm width ) Front view (averaged over 60 cm length ) Lead target, Steel support, immersed in cooling/moderating water Simulations from E. Lebbos et al., « CERN nTOF Facility : Résultats de la simulation de l'activité de la cible de n-TOF “ EET internal report

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka The “FLUKA team” (AB-ATB-EET) 4 staff (M.Brugger, F.Cerutti, A.Ferrari, V.Vlachoudis) + 2 fellows (L.Sarchiapone, M.Mauri), 2 PhD (F.Sommerer, L.Lari) Direct responsibility for all FLUKA accelerator-related simulations Consultancy and support for FLUKA applications in RP and PH Specific past and present tasks: IR7 machine protection and damage to electronics IR4 radiation damage and shielding Machine protection elements (TCDQ, TDI, TCDD) CNGS physics, engineering, optimization, radiation protection n_TOF physics and engineering Code development

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka Bragg peaks vs exp. data: MeV/n Dose vs depth distribution for 670 MeV/n 20 Ne ions on a water phantom. The green line is the FLUKA prediction The symbols are exp data from LBL and GSI Exp. Data Jpn.J.Med.Phys. 18, 1,1998 Fragmentation products

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka On-going developments New QMD model for nucleus-nucleus interactions 0.1-1GeV/A : already interfaced, initialization database and validation to be completed New neutron library – well advanced Finalization of BME new Compton model, last technical details Glauber calculations of QuasiElastic hadron-nucleus cross section : last step necessary to have the new high energy generator as a default Graphical user interface ROOT-based

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka The new QMD model: examples QMD + FLUKAEXP dataRQMD + FLUKA

Alfredo Ferrari, Fluka END