Example of a Supply Chain Rice Production

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Presentation transcript:

Innovative Supply Chain Finance Jinchang Lai Principal Operations Officer, and Lead for Financial Infrastructure, Finance and Markets, East Asia & Pacific Region Ulaanbaatar, December 15, 2014

Example of a Supply Chain Rice Production Source: World Bank Cambodia

How do Lenders See a Supply Chain? Length of the supply chain (value chain); value-added of each stage Who are the chain actors? How many? Their dependency on the chain performance Governance of the chain: strength of the chain leader; and allocation of risks and benefits Competitiveness of a chain -- efficiency, synergy, reliability and innovativeness -- and its positioning in the market Strength of social capital Vulnerability to policy, regulatory and systemic risks Commitment to environmental, safety and social responsibilities

Linkages can be Powerful for Lenders Modern productions are mostly done through collaborations among supply chain players The movements of goods and services along supply chains result in changes in accounts receivable (AR) and inventory These (and the associated information) can be leveraged to make financing available for suppliers, processors, buyers and services providers The presence of financing can strengthen social capital, increase the efficiency and competitiveness of a chain The greater information efficiency, stronger incentives and the organized payment/settlement mechanisms reduce transaction cost

Example of a Supply Chain Finance System Poultry Production

Why Supply Chain Finance? Lending institutions want the information mechanism and incentive structure embedded in a chain They want to leverage “other people’s existing networks” for the distribution of products and services And ... even better ... to make the clients “captive” Also ... to substantively shift risk exposure vis-a-vis small borrowers to the larger suppliers or buyers Whether or not an economy has an active supply chain (value chain) finance market depends on: Enabling environment (Can lenders do it conveniently?) Equitable share of benefits and risks (What do they get out of it? Do lenders get one or more benefits above?)

Why Supply Chain Finance? Supply chain finance is essentially a way of organizing accounts receivable and inventory finance (plus some equipment finance, e.g., lessors lease a specific brand of chain equipment with risk sharing and buy-back arrangements) – All in the space of movables finance While “movable asset finance” (movables finance) is a conceptual term, there are many business names and brand names for the various credits secured by movable assets Supply chain finance is one of those business names

Who are Involved in Supply Chain Finance?

Example of a Supply Chain Finance Advertisement

Example of a Supply Chain Finance Suite (I)

Example of a Supply Chain Finance Suite (II) Rolled out by a bank with a brand name of “Win-Win Chain”, which contains seven products (as of 2013): Future inventory financing: Lender controls borrower access to inventory; for procurement purpose Inventory rights pledge loan: Based on WHR, Bill of Lading, etc. Inventory pledge loan: Secured by a changing pool of inventory Accounts receivable financing: Based on a pledge of AR or factoring of AR Cross-border payments financing: Processing and financing in one package Global confirmation financing: Combines with credit enhancement

How Do Lenders Grow Up? Stage I: Lending to the supply chain actors individually; occasionally, clients introduce their supplier or buyer to the lender as potential clients Stage II: Consciously leveraging expertize/relationship in and organizing clients along supply chains (value chains); systematically using chain information and incentives to evaluate, structure, deliver and manage exposures Stage III: Actively promote non-credit products and services; even use chain relationship to distribute other players’ products for a fee Stage IV: Organize all actors in an Internet-based platform for optimal solution to each client; digitalization of information, services and financing

What is So Special about Agri Supply Chain Finance? Systemic risk; and the need for insurance Uneven pattern of cash flows Suppliers, aggregators/buyers as well as the government are the major providers of credit, not just financial institutions Core chain participants are mostly individuals/households Lenders and/or chain leaders may need “conduits” to reach them; conduits can be associations, cooperatives, joint liability borrowing groups, 3rd party networks, etc. May not have formal security agreements Payment and cash management mechanisms can help to tie in small clients

A New Generation of Players The rise of e-platforms: Digitization of ARs and WRs The visibility and transparency of value chains have increased greatly with technology – creating a fresh incentive structure Entry of the payment services providers – e.g., in a good position to provide “cash advance” The extraordinary rise of e-commerce players: What are the Information and Incentive advantages that an e-commerce player have in comparison to the traditional commercial banks? What “Controls” and even “Possessions” that an e-commerce player has over a borrower or a collateral? Example of a simplest product: A Finance Company lends against the receivables of suppliers with its parent company as the account debtor

Example of an Online Supply Chain Finance System

A New Generation of Players An Illustrative Case Group A is a major e-commerce player with two large online shopping platforms. Not long ago, it started a finance subsidiary to provide loans mainly to the MSME suppliers/sellers on its platforms. The loans are said to be all unsecured. By August 2014, about half a million MSMEs have been supported. The payment process for online shopping: buyer places an order  shop accepts order and delivers the goods  the purchase amount moves from the buyer’s online wallet to an escrow account controlled by Group A  money moves from the escrow account to the seller’s online wallet after buyer clicks to indicate satisfactory receipt of goods or automatically 7 days from the date of purchase. Group A also has power to expel or block a shop on its platforms and debit directly against the accounts of the borrowers. Questions: What is the nature of the credit provided by Group A? Is it a secured loan? Is this supply chain finance (movables lending)?

How can Mongolia Catch Up? How far is Mongolia from the more matured markets? Some traditional lending with “intensive controls” can already be done today Major developments will need serious secured transactions reforms (STR) – Can private enterprises (particularly SMEs) borrow all unsecured? Can they all rely on real estate as the basis for credit? Other key ingredients: Knowledge development and training Government promotion and support (e.g., refinancing, insurance funding, potentially e-platforms) Friendly credit market and payment system regulations Development of support services

Thank You ! The views and judgments of this presentation are those of the author. The conclusions and judgments contained herein should not be attributed to and do not necessarily reflect the views of IFC, or its management and Board of Directors, or the countries they represent. The author, by means of this document, is not rendering any professional advice or service, and shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person who relies on this presentation as a substitute for professional advice or service.

Agribusiness - One of IFC’s Strategic Pillars We make a difference by: Enhancing Productivity and Efficiency: focus on food security via increased production, waste reduction, and income enhancement Promoting Inclusive Development: focus on small holders, women, nutrition and risk management Supporting Environmental & Social Sustainability and reduce the sector’s future footprint

Six Sectoral Themes Drive Our Agenda Water Global Irrigation Program Inputs (e.g. seeds) Small Farmers Inclusive supply chains Global Food Security Program (GAFSP) Land Princ. of Resp. Agri Investment Africa Hybrid Investments Ukraine/Brazil Urbanization Safe food processing & efficient supply chains Food affordability Animal Protein Mitigate impacts of full value chain (e.g., feed efficiency) Seafood Nutrition & Innovation Food ingredients Fortified foods and drinks

IFC’s Approach to Financing Agribusiness Investment Services Equity and long-term loans Partial credit guarantees and risk sharing facilities Syndications Direct Financing: Corporate and Project Financing Direct financing of agribusiness firms Build long-term partnerships with emerging industry leaders Promote best practices in corporate governance and environment and social sustainability Implement programs to support individual farmers and distribution companies Provide advisory services that add value in IFC’s financing package Indirect Financing: Traders and Financial Institutions Expand reach to small farms and businesses, which are essential to the sector but too small for IFC to finance directly Build on local market knowledge of intermediaries (regulations, business customs, and client/ supplier reputations) Channel financial and advisory services to end users via intermediaries Develop and promote sustainability best practices through intermediaries Advisory Services Strengthen farmers, small businesses, supply chain linkages and infrastructure Facilitate market development of local supply through helping farms meet quality and quantity requirements Raise standards of corporate governance and business transparency Support the development and uptake of eco-standards

IFC Agribusiness Portfolio $6 billion well-diversified committed portfolio as of June 30, 2013 REGIONAL BREAKDOWN SUB-SECTORAL BREAKDOWNS