ENDOPTERYGOTES

ENDOPTERYGOTA (=HOLOMETABOLA) Major Change in Life Pattern Exopterygota Egg NymphAdult Endopterygota EggLarvaPupaAdult

Changes needed in becoming an endopterygote 1. Larval musculature - not functional in adult 2. Change in gut 3. Mouthpart modifications

Are there intermediates? Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha) - histolysis of nymphal organs - wing development is external

Are there intermediates? Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha) - histolysis of nymphal organs - wing development is external Thrips (Thysanoptera) - histolysis of nymphal intestine, salivary glands, head and thoracic muscles; brain shifts from thorax in nymph to head in "pupa" and adult - wing development is external

Metamorphosis - how do they do it?

Endopterygota Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera ? Strepsiptera Some larval epidermis is retained All adult cuticle is from imaginal discs Primitive groups retain larval epidermis, in advanced groups all adult cuticle is from imaginal discs Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Neuroptera Coleoptera Occurrence of Imaginal Discs

Metamorphosis - waste products Deamination Protein breakdown Ammonia - toxic Uric acid Meconium

Predominance of the Endopterygota

Insecta Archaeognatha Thysanura Pterygota Paleoptera Neoptera Orthopteroids Hemipteroids Endopterygota Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Neuroptera Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera ? Strepsiptera Hymenoptera Phylogeny of Insects

Neuropteroid Orders Endopterygota Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Neuroptera Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera ? Strepsiptera Hymenoptera

NEUROPTEROID ORDERS (NEUROPTIDA) NEUROPTERA (antlions, lacewings) MEGALOPTERA (Dobsonflies, alderflies) RHAPHIDIOPTERA (snakeflies) STREPSIPTERA (twisted wing parasites)

Entognatha Archaeognatha Zygentoma = Thysanura) Ephemeroptera Odonata Plecoptera Embiodea Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea Mantophasmatodea ? Orthoptera Phasmatodea Blattaria Isoptera Mantodea Psocoptera Phthiraptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Strepsiptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera SilurianDevonianCarboniferousPermianTriassicJurassicCretaceous Holometabola Neoptera Insecta Pterygota Apterygotes Paleoptera Hemimetabolous Holometabolous Hexapoda

Weigman et al, 2009 Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Lepidoptera Trichoptera Neuroptera Megaloptera Rhaphidionaptera Coleoptera Strepsiptera Hymenoptera HEMIMETABOLOUS Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Molecular evidence

Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Lepidoptera Trichoptera Neuroptera Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Coleoptera Strepsiptera Hymenoptera Comparison of Phylogenies Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Strepsiptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Neuroptera Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Coleoptera ?Strepsiptera Hymenoptera

1. Sister group to the Endopterygota 2. Within the coleopteran suborder Polyphaga 3. Sister group to Coleoptera 4. Sister group to true flies (Diptera) Placement of the Strepsiptera

Strepsiptera Number of Species Common names Distinguishing characteristics Other features Typical habitats Hexapod Orders 500 Twisted wing parasites, strepsipterans Parasites of other insects -reduced life stages -triungulin larva -forewings are halteres Strepsi - twisted, ptera - wing -wings with few veins -females - breed while larval

Strepsiptera - features Males - ‘ raspberry eye’ Forewings = halteres

Strepsiptera - Life cycle Triungulin (1 st instar larva) hatches Seeks host Oral secretions soften host cuticle Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite Moults - 2 nd and 3 rd instar -legless grub Pupation Female stays in host Male leaves to seek mate Mating Host cuticle Cephalothorax Brood canal Genital pore Female larval cuticle

Strepsiptera - Males

Strepsiptera - Females

Strepsiptera - mating sperm = oocyte

Strepsiptera - Life cycle Triungulin (1 st instar larva) hatches Seeks host Oral secretions soften host cuticle Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite Moults - 2 nd and 3 rd instar -legless grub Pupation Female stays in host Male leaves to seek mate Mating Host cuticle Cephalothorax Brood canal Genital pore Female larval cuticle

Neuroptera Number of Species Common names Distinguishing characteristics Other features Typical habitats Hexapod Orders 5000 Lacewings, antlions Variable -numerous crossveins in wing -larvae with incomplete gut Neuro - nerve, ptera - wing -most primitive endopterygote -predaceous larvae

Neuroptera - who are they? Lacewings Adults - predatory or pollen feeders Larvae - predatory

Neuroptera - who are they? Mantispidae -convergent evolution with Mantodea

Neuroptera - who are they? Antlions

Neuroptera - who are they? Antlions Larvae construct pits to trap prey

Neuroptera - who are they? Antlions Modifications for anchoring

Antlion

Native Representations Mimbres people were prehistoric Native Americans who lived from around C.E. 200 to 1350 in what is now southwestern New Mexico. Mimbres bowl

Neuroptera - who are they? Sisyridae - spongilla flies

Neuroptera - who are they? Sisyridae - spongilla flies Eggs laid overhanging vegetation 3 larval instars Overwinter as 3 rd instar or prepupa Adults live 2 weeks Crawl to bank & pupate 2- 5 generations Hatch and parasitize sponges

Megaloptera Number of Species Common names Distinguishing characteristics Other features Typical habitats Hexapod Orders 300 Dobsonflies, alderflies Variable, larvae - aquatic Megalo - large, ptera - wing -predatory larvae with complete gut -anal fold in wing -pronotum slightly extended -mandibles in adult not used

Megaloptera - who are they? Adult Larva - “hellgrammite”

Megaloptera - who are they? Adult

Dobsonfly - predator

Megaloptera - who are they? Life cycle Adults mate Eggs laid overhanging water Eggs hatch & larvae drop into stream/pond Hellgrammite larva Pupate in earthen cell

Raphidioptera Number of Species Common names Distinguishing characteristics Other features Typical habitats Hexapod Orders 225 snakeflies Raphidio - needle, ptera - wing Forests - found west of Rockies -greatly extended pronotum -adults and larvae predatory