Reproduction CONTENTS RESOURCES

Hands on CONTENTS REPRODUCTION Make a detailed drawing Life cycle Life cycle of a bird Reproduction in animals Fertilisation External Internal Asexual reproduction Gemmation Fragmentation Embryonic development Viviparous Oviparous Ovoviparous Sexual reproduction Mixed reproduction Reproduction Types Advantages and disadvantages Life cycle Life cycle of a plant Post-embryonic development Direct Indirect Asexual reproduction Vegetative Spore formation Artificial Reproduction in plants Stages Pollination Fertilisation Seed germination Sexual reproduction

RESOURCES Types of reproduction Advantages and disadvantages Gemmation Fragmentation Sexual reproduction in animals Mixed reproduction External fertilisation Internal fertilisation Viviparous development Oviparous development Ovoviparous development The life cycle of a bird Post-embryonic development: direct Post-embryonic development: indirect The life cycle of plants Vegetative reproduction Spore formation Artificial asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction in plants Pollination Links Animal reproduction Fertilisation Seed germination Make a detailed drawing

Types of reproduction ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Unicellular oganisms Only one parent New genetically identical living beings are produced. Unicellular oganisms Fungi Protozoa Some plants Some animals Algae NEXT

Multicellular oganisms Types of reproduction Multicellular oganisms SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Two parents: a male and a female Descendants have genetic material from both parents.

Advantages and disadvantages Asexual reproduction NEXT Advantages requires only one parent faster and easier rapid population growth no travel is necessary Disadvantages no genetic diversity difficulty in adapting to environmental changes clone

Advantages and disadvantages Sexual reproduction Advantages genetic diversity in species ability to adapt to environmental changes Disadvantages requires two parents requires time and energy to find a mate and reproduce requires travel

Gemmation (budding) Asexual reproduction Fresh water hydra bud NEXT Fresh water hydra bud The bud separates from the parent and develops into a new individual.

Gemmation (budding) Colony gemmation Coral Buds remain attached and form a colony.

Fragmentation regenerated arms Regeneration Starfish NEXT

Fragmentation Asexual reproduction Planaria worm parent new organisms fragments regenerate Planaria worm

Sexual reproduction in animals Hhermaphrodites have both male and female gonads. Snails NEXT

Unisexual animals have only one type of gonad. Sexual reproduction in animals Unisexual animals have only one type of gonad. male (♂) spermatozoa female(♀) ovum gonads (testicles) gonads (ovaries)

adult jellyfish or medusa Mixed reproduction sexual reproduction asexual reproduction larva polyps adult jellyfish or medusa Cnidaria

Life cycle with external fertilisation male(♂) female(♀) Fusion of the gametes occurs outside the female body. developing embryos ova spermatozoa Life cycle with external fertilisation

Life cycle with internal fertilisation male (♂) female (♀) ovum spermatozoa zygote Fusion of the gametes occurs inside the female body. Life cycle with internal fertilisation

Viviparous development Embryonic development Viviparous development placenta umbilical cord uterus embryo Mammals The embryo develops inside the female body.

Oviparous development Embryonic development Oviparous development Birds Reptiles Reptile or bird egg shell chalaza albumin yolk germinal disc shell membrane Fish embryo hatching The embryo develops inside an egg, mostly outside the female body.

Ovoviparous development Embryonic development Ovoviparous development shark The embryo develops inside an egg in the female body. embryo ray snake lizard

embryonic development After fertilisation, the embryo begins to develop inside the egg. The egg is laid in a nest. The embryo continues to develop during incubation. Hatching The male and female bird mate. The new being leaves the egg. Life cycle of a bird

Post-embryonic development: direct Viviparous mammals Some arthropods Oviparous birds Oviparous reptiles

continuous transformation (moulting) Post-embryonic development: indirect Simple metamorphosis larva eggs adult continuous transformation (moulting) NEXT

Complex metamorphosis Post-embryonic development: indirect Complex metamorphosis pupa (dormant stage) larva eggs adult

FLOWERING PLANTS NON-FLOWERING PLANTS The life cycle of plants VISIBLE PART gametophyte gametophyte VISIBLE PART sporophyte VISIBLE PART sporophyte Angiosperms Mosses FLOWERING PLANTS NON-FLOWERING PLANTS NEXT Gymnosperms Ferns

The life cycle of plants The life cycle of mosses The life cycle of ferns sporophyte spores germination gametophyte male gametophyte female gametophyte fertilisation ♂ ♀ sporophyte gametophyte germination sporangium spores frond fertilisation ♀ ♂ male gametophyte female gametophyte prothallus capsule

Spore formation moss mushroom fern FUNGI ARE NOT PLANTS. spores spores

Stolons Bulbs Stem tubers Vegetative reproduction white clover stolon bud onion garlic Stolons Bulbs potato Stem tubers

Artificial methods Artificial asexual reproduction in plants Layering Cuttings Grafting

FLOWER gametophyte reproductive organs gametes Sexual reproduction in plants anther pollen grains filament stamen sepals (calyx) stigma style ovary ovules pistil petals (corolla) FLOWER gametophyte reproductive organs gametes

Pollination Self-pollination Cross- pollination pollen Wind pollination pollen Insect pollination

Fertilisation in plants embryo albumin seed Pollen grains land and a pollen tube develops. 1 The ovary becomes the fruit and the ovule becomes a seed. 3 pollen tube male gamete pollen grains cotyledons The seed germinates and an embryo develops. 4 ovule The ovule (female gamete) is fertilised and a zygote is formed. 2

OXYGEN TEMPERATURE MOISTURE Seed germination seed cotyledons radicle plumule bud OXYGEN TEMPERATURE MOISTURE water

Prepare the slide Project the image. Make a detailed drawing: The flower Prepare the slide petal stigma anther Remove some petals. Place the flower on a glass. Tape the flower to the transparency. Cut the transparency into a square. Place it on a slide frame. sepal ovary style Project the image. Insert the slide into the projector. Project the image onto the paper. Move the projector in close so the entire image fits on the paper. Draw over the projected image. Complete the drawing Add the names of each part of the flower.

Links Animal reproduction How plants reproduce http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0031.html How plants reproduce http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookflowers.html Plant Reproduction Tutorial http://www.skoool.ie/content/skoool_learning/junior/lessons/science/plant_reproduction/flash/h-frame-ie.htm Flowers and reproduction http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0041.html Growing plants http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/standard/biology/world_of_plants/growing_plants_rev1.shtml