Music in the Twentieth Century and Beyond Age of Diversity Age of Eclecticism

Cultural Background Age of Diversity The twentieth century is one of the most complex times of all the historical periods. Changes have been fast and dramatic in all areas of culture: social, political, scientific, technology, economics.

Impact of Global Conflict World War I (1914-1918)

World War II (1939-1945)

Cold War (1945-1990) Founding of the United Nations (end of WWII)

Korean War (1950-1954) Vietnam War (1956-1974)

Persian Gulf War (1990-1992) War on Terror (2001-present)

Afghanistan Conflict (2001-present) Iraq Conflict (2004-present)

Challenges to basic assumptions In the 20th century, philosophers and scientists formulated theories that disturbed the basic assumptions upon which people based their way of looking at the world.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Natural selection Theory of evolution

Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Theory of relativity

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Nature of man People are a product of their subconscious minds, whose actions are caused by their upbringing or their environment.

Changing Attitudes Civil Rights movement – beginning around 1954 attempt to end discrimination against blacks in the United States

Women’s movement – 1960s and 1970s challenged traditional ideas about women’s roles in society

Advancements in Technology and Communications Radio 1920s Television 1950s Computers

Inventions and Discoveries

Impact on the arts Three types of artist Sensationalist – The sensationalist tends to break down convention and overthrow accepted methods and values. His/her art tends to lack expressive qualities since its main purpose is to shock the listener/observer. Experimentalist – The experimentalist seeks new methods and combinations of materials to express themselves. His/her art often lacks unity and coherence. The price that is paid for experimentalists is that they seldom perfect what they invent. Synthesist – The synthesist combines what is good of the sensationalist and the experimentalist with what is valid from the past. His/her art usually is less brilliant; yet is more resilient to the test of time

Common Principles Among 20th-century Artists break with tradition (rejection of Romantic) rejection of subjective emotion as the primary basis for art. This is a clear influence from scientific research. rejection of concept that art must be realistic or literal rejection of unnecessary ornaments and attempts to “dress up” art. The motto is “form follows function” (architecture). There is a demand for simplicity, terseness and brutality of expression. There is little attempt to please or entertain; only for a desire to reflect the age directly and unashamedly.

Visual Arts from 1900-1950 Impressionism Modernism Expressionism Cubism Dadaism Abstract Art Surrealism

Impressionists Provided transition to the 20th century Impression Sunrise, 1872 Claude Monet (1840-1926) Rouen Cathedral, 1894

Edouard Manet (1832-1883) Dejeuner sur l’herbe, 1863

Edgar Degas (1834-1917) The Rehearsal, 1874

Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) Le Moulin de la Galette, 1897

Post-Impressionists Georges Seurat (1859-1891) Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1886

Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) Starry Night, 1889

Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) Day of the Gods, 1894

Modernism Flourished from the end of the 19th century until the end of WWII. A reaction to all the rules of the 19th century, which had been called into question by the events of the 20th century. Doubt was cast upon conventional morality and traditional authorities. These new ways of looking at the world were very powerful and evoked a strong response, even if the general public found them hard to understand.”

Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow

Georges Braque (1882-1963) Woman with Guitar

Expressionism (1910-1939) Centered in Austria and Germany Influenced by Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic theories Expressionists were concerned mainly with expressing their subjects emotions – often extreme, anguish, hysteria, nightmare and insanity

Edvard Munch (1863-1944) The Scream

Cubism (1908-1914) Concerned with reducing their subjects to the basic elements of form – sphere, cone and cylinder. First to produce non-representational art.

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Three Musicians

Marc Chagall (1887-1985) The Green Violinist

Dadaism World War I Group of painters and poets who tried to break down the established rules of art. “Dada” means “hobbyhorse” in French – connotes childishness.

Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) L.H.O.O.Q.

Abstract Art 1920’s in Germany, Russia and the Netherlands Use of primary colors and painted two-dimensional works of geometric abstraction.

Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) Broadway Boogie-Woogie

The Persistence of Memory Surrealism Salvador Dali (1904-1989) The Persistence of Memory

Joan Miró (1893-1983) Ballerina II

Musical Style from 1900-1950 Musical Centers – France, Germany, United States

Elements of Music Rhythm – witnesses a revitalization becomes one of the most striking elements of music represents the physical nature of life – hectic urban life, surge and clatter of a highly industrial and technical society increasingly became an outlet for innovation: complex rhythms, irregular meters and accents, rapidly changing meters, polyrhythms (simultaneous use of several rhythmic patterns)

Melody Harmony less reliance on melody irregular unbalanced melodies angular, more instrumental in conception Harmony a single accepted harmonic language became a thing of the past. Before 1900, harmony was based on consonant and dissonant chords, and triadic or tertian harmony. These distinctions became blurred in 20th century harmonic practices. New harmonic practices were brought into existence to suit compositional needs: polychord, quartal harmony, tone clusters, new scales, polytonality, resurgence of modality, atonality 12-tone

Texture Dynamics Tone color Homophonic music is predominant but there is a resurgence in emphasis on polyphonic textures Dynamics gradual, less extreme Tone color became more important than ever; especially evident in the use of percussion

Orchestration Form – Jazz – trend toward smaller orchestra with a leaner sound (economics) string sections loses its traditional leader role less emphasis on a blended sound Form – divergent, “form follows function” Jazz – popular style from late 19th century which directly influences a number of 20th century composers

Eclectic Musical Styles Impressionism Nationalism Neo-Classicism Serialism Expressionism Avant-Garde

Impressionism French movement of the late 19th century to early 20th century that began in the visual arts but later extended into literature and music Paralleled impressionistic paintings: vague motives that only suggested a melody; varied timbre; short, flexible forms; use of modes, pentatonic and whole tone scales; shifting meters and rhythms which blur rhythmic effects; use of parallel chords and ninth chords (easily went from major to minor and vice versa).

Claude Debussy (1862-1918) French composer of orchestral music, opera, ballet, piano, chamber music and chansons Disenchanted with Germanic traditions (strict form, traditional orchestration, tonal/chromatic harmonies, metric rhythms) Found influence from eastern music – gamelon (Javanese) and bronze percussion instruments of Indonesia Influenced by symbolist poets (Mallarme) Debussy’s music virtually defines the transition from late Romantic music to twentieth century modernist music

Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune (1894) The composition was inspired by the poem “L’Après-midi d’un faune” by Stéphane Mallarmé It is one of Debussy's most famous works and is considered a turning point in the history of music It is a work that barely grasps onto tonality and harmonic function

Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) Bolero (1928) Fascination with tone color, Spanish music, obsessive rhythmic repetition Originally a ballet Ravel said of this piece “(It is) an experiment consisting of one long, very gradual crescendo

Nationalism Reflection of a country by utilizing folk song, stories and dances. This style encouraged authenticity (scientific method applied to music). This style reflected the cultures of the rural and urban areas. Béla Bartók, Aaron Copland, Charles Ives, George Gershwin

Charles Ives (1874-1954) Putnam’s Camp, Redding, Connecticut (1912) From Three Places in New England (Orchestral Set No. 1) The piece is famous for its use of musical quotation and paraphrasing. The piece showcases Ive’s signature style traits of his style: layered textures multiple, simultaneous melodies, many of which are recognizable hymn and marching tunes masses of sound, and tone clusters sudden, sharp textural contrasts

Aaron Copland (1900-1990) Appalachian Spring, 1943-1944 Originally a ballet Created at the request of the choreagrapher, Martha Graham Rearranged as an orchestral suite

Neoclassicism A revival of the techniques, forms and style features characteristic of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classical periods Originated in Germany Igor Stravinsky, Béla Bartók, Aaron Copland

Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) Rite of Spring, 1913 Ballet choreographed by Vaslav Najinsky Regarded as one of the most influential 20th century scores Innovative use of complex rhythmic structures, timbres, and dissonance http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjX3oAwv_Fs

Serialism Serialistic or 12-tone atonal music Originated in Germany Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern Uses a “row” (a fixed sequence of the 12 tones of the chromatic scale) as the unifying basis for a composition's melody, harmony, structural progressions, and variations

Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951) “Moondrunk” from Pierrot Lunaire, 1912 A melodrama Use of Sprechstimme Atonal

Expressionism A style that, like Impressionism, began first in the visual arts and then moved into literature and music. As opposed to Impressionism which looked outward – Expressionism looked inward and sought to express inward emotions Originated in Germany Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern

Alban Berg (1885-1935) Wozzeck (1917-1922) Opera about the inevitability of hardship and the exploitation for the poor

Avant-garde This style sought to overcome years of neglect in the elements of timbre and rhythm. Often this style was not embraced by the public but promoted by artists. This style included aleatory music (chance music that exploits randomness), electronic and multimedia. Originated in France Edgard Varèse, Milton Babbitt, John Cage

Edgard Varèse Poème électronique (1958) Composed for the Phillips Pavillon at the 1958 Brussels Worlds Fair The first, electronic-spatial environment to combine architecture, film, light and music to a total experience made to functions in time and space Utilized machine noises, transported piano chords, filtered choir and solo voices, and synthetic tone colorings

Radical Experimentation and Postmodernism: The Arts since 1950

Cultural Influences Politically: establishment of nations, continual struggle for control, third world vs. major powers Economically: international trade, global commercialization Socially: mobility of society, human rights, social concerns, drugs, HIV/AIDS Technologically: world communication, internet, electronics, computer, Palm Pilots

Other Influences Radical Experimentation Postmodernism A general sense of restlessness pervaded culture after WWII. Artists began experimenting with new techniques, new materials, new ideas (avant-garde). Postmodernism A new movement that followed Modernism. One aspects of Postmodernism is the attempt to discover the meaning of art. A second aspect is the concept of cultural relativity – no one culture or idea is better or more worthy than any other, it all depends on the context. Resulted in blending of Eastern culture, rediscovery of past styles (tonality).

Visual Art Since 1950 Assemblage Abstract Expressionism Pop Art Op Art (Optical Art)

Assemblage The technique of putting together constructions from different media, often pieces of junk. Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) Odalisk

Abstract Expressionism American movement that grew out of Surrealism’s interest in the sub-conscious and what the mind can do without any conscious suggestion. Abstract Expressionists produced huge pictures full of color, energy and spontaneity. Jackson Pollock – Autumn Rhythm, Number 30

Jackson Pollock (1912-1956) Autumn Rhythm, Number 30

Pop Art Draws inspiration from popular culture and the mass production processes Andy Warhol (1928-1987) Green Coca-Cola Bottles

Op Art (Optical Art) Refers to artworks that depend on the viewer’s eyes responding to the lines and patterns in a certain way (optical illusions) Bridget Riley (b. 1931) Current

Music Since 1950: General Characteristics Total Serialism Aleatoric Music Minimalism Music Quotation Tonal Music New Sounds Electronic Sounds Liberation of Sound Mixed Media

Increased use of 12-tone system during the 1950’s and 1960’s. Proponent: Aaron Copland Total Serialism: use of the techniques of 12-tone to organize rhythm, dynamics and tone color during the 1940’s and 1950’s. Proponents: Milton Babbitt, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Pierre Boulez

Aleatoric Music or Chance music: composer chooses pitches, tone colors and rhythms by random methods, or allows the performer to choose much of the music material. Proponent: John Cage Minimalism: characterized by a steady pulse, clear tonality and insistent repetition of short melodic patterns. Proponents: Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, John Adams

Tonal Music and a return to tonality: “New Romantics” Music Quotation: works containing deliberate quotations from earlier music. Proponents: Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, George Crumb, George Rochberg Tonal Music and a return to tonality: “New Romantics” Proponents: David Del Tredici, George Rochberg

Electronic Sounds: The development of tape studios, synthesizers and computers in the 1950’s and 1960’s resulted in potentially unlimited resources for the production and control of sound. Composers are no longer limited by human performers. Proponent: Milton Babbitt Liberation of sound: greater exploitation of noise-like sounds. Increased use of microtones. Proponent: Krzysztof Penderecki Mixed Media: Music (often electronic) is presented together with visual counterparts (slides, films, gestures, theatrical action

Music Since 1950: Representational Pieces

Milton Babbitt (1916 - 1992) Semi-Simple Variations (1956)

George Crumb (b. 1929) Ancient Voices of Children (1970) From Where Do You Come, My Love, My Child?

Philip Glass (b. 1937) Einstein on the Beach (1976) Glass’ first and longest opera (five hours) A trilogy of operas: Einstein on the Beach, Satyagraha, Akhnaten These three operas serve as "portrait" operas that portray men whose personal vision transformed the thinking of their time through the power of ideas and not arms.

Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (b. 1939) Concerto Grosso (1985) Commissioned to commemorate the 300th birthday of George Frideric Handel Utilizes themes from a Handel Violin Sonata Clear example of “quotation music”

John Adams (b. 1947) Short Ride in a Fast Machine (1986) Example of minimalism

Four important influences on 20th/21st century music Women’s movement (1960’s): performers to composers to conductors Economics of composing rift between composer and audience government foundations – now waning Computer/Midi Popular and Classical fusion

Summary It is difficult to judge our present musical styles since history gives us perspective. Listeners who worry that the music of our time is no good may be interested to know that similar concerns were expressed about music in Wagner’s time and even in Beethoven’s time. 20th/21st century music, like music of every age, effectively mirrors the prevailing patterns of the time.