CH. 24 BIRTH OF MODERN THOUGHT

VIDEOS Seruat Pablo Picasso

THE NEW READING REPUBLIC By % of the people could read in Britain, France, the Netherlands, Germany and Scandinavia: Due improvements in primary education Led to greater secondary education opportunities The amount of printed matter available to the public increased dramatically during this time Literacy enabled Europeans to gain knowledge and improve their social situations

SCIENCE AT MID-CENTURY The positivists philosophy of Auguste Comte ( ) influenced the field of science Charles Darwin 1859 book the Origins of Species formulated the principle of natural selection The Descent of Man- Darwin explored the principle of natural selection in the context of human beings establishing a new theory of evolutionary ethics called social Darwinism

CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCH UNDER SIEGE Historical scholarship of the 19 th century attacked Christianity on many grounds David Friedrich Staruass in the Life of Jesus questioned historical evidence of Jesus existence Julius Wellhausen, Ernest Renan and William Robertson argued that human authors had written and edited the books of the bible The progress of science undermined the Christian underpinning of the doctrine of creation by determining actual age of earth

CHRISTIANITY UNDER SIEGE Frederick Nietzsche also attacked Christianity accusing it of promoting weakness and not glorifying strength Conflict between Church and State England- increased hostility between Anglican Church and Protestant dominations

CHRISTIANITY AND CHURCH UNDER SIEGE France- Catholic Church is at odd with Third Republic Ferry Laws (sponsored by Jules Ferry replaced religious instruction in the public schools and civil training Germany- Bismarck removed Catholic and Protestant clergy from overseeing local Education in Prussia May laws of 1873 demanded priests be educated in German schools and universities and gave control of appointment of priests to the state Kulturkampf “Cultural struggle” failed and Bismarck retreated from his policies

TOWARD A 20 TH CENTURY FRAME OF MIND Scientists Ernst Mach, Henri Poincare and Hans Vaihinger urged scientists consider theories hypothetical constructs of the physical world Wilhelm Roentgen, Henri Becquerel, J.J Thompson, Marie Curi, and Ernest Rutherford established the important properties and uses of radioactive materials Albert Einstein researched relativity Werner Heisenberg published his uncertainty principal

LITERATURE AND ART Realism and naturalism became dominant themes Flaubert used realism to portray life without adornment in his Madame Bovary Zola set forth realism as a movement Henrik Isbsen and George Bernard Shaw brought realism into depiction of domestic life and romantic ideals

ART AND LITERATURE From 1870s onward a new movement of modernism was captured by artists trying to break away from traditional forms Igor Stravinksy Rite of Spring Pablo Picasso accomplished this in Cubist form Bloomsberry Group such as Virginia Wolfe challenged the structure of traditional literature and assumptions of Victorian culture Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Thomas Mann and T.S Eliot literary modernists of this era

RITE OF SPRING

PICASSO POST BLUE AND ROSE PERIODS LES DEMOISELLES D'AVIGNON (THE YOUNG LADIES OF AVIGNON

THE OLD GUITARIST AND THE GUITARIST

PSYCHOLOGY Sigmund Freud Introduced psychoanalysis to modern period Dreams expressed and repressed desires of everyday life Carl Jung advanced his own ideas of collective memories and constituting human souls and relied on romanticism in his works

SOCIOLOGY German Max Weber- advanced his belief in non-economic factors that might account for major developments in history and his faith in the role of individual in society Weber differed from many of his peers, who considered collective behavior more of a factor in society These scientists included Emile Durkheim, Georges Sorel, Gustave LeBon, Vilfredo Pareto, and Graham Wallas Racial Thinking in this century supported ideas of superior and inferior races in Europe and Beyond. An outgrowth of this ideology was anti-Semitism

WOMEN IN MODERN THOUGHT The biological role of women as mothers became more entrenched in social views of women Misogyny was not uncommon in the fiction and art of this period Women were excluded from scientific community (some exceptions) Alleged inferiority made them ineligible for participation Freud’s views helped perpetuate these ideas He was later debunked by psychoanalysts like Melanie Kelin and Karen Horney

WOMEN IN MODERN THOUGHT Feminists of this era supported wider sexual freedom for women Advocated for contraception Women became active in Socialists groups Carve out careers for themselves in professions that had previously been unavailable to them