Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 17 Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering Essential Question: Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone? 9.4 Genetic Engineering 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone? KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.

Click and Clone Questions Please copy down the questions on p.16. Leave room for the answers. Click and Clone Questions What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone? How many organisms does it take to make a clone? Which two mice will be genetically identical? Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?

KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed. CC= Copy Cat or Carbon Copy

Entire organisms can be cloned. A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism. Born Dec 22, 2001 after 86 unsuccessful tries CC- The first cloned cat

Cloning occurs in nature. bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself) some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration) Identical twins

Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer. nucleus is removed from an egg cell nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the donor egg

Clone Mimi the Mouse http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/

Click and Clone Questions What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone? How many organisms does it take to make a clone? Which two mice will be genetically identical? Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?

Click and Clone Questions What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone? Somatic cell and egg cell 2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone? 3: Somatic cell donor (who we are cloning), egg donor, and surrogate mother (who carries the baby) 3. Which two mice will be genetically identical? The somatic cell donor and the clone 4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor? No. The behavior may be very different from the original.

Ch. 9 Study Guide Please get a Ch. 9 Study Guide and an Eyes of Nye: Cloning Worksheet Study Guide due Friday- NO LATE SGs accepted! 16 ?s on test Focus on ***Starred*** parts

Review

Dolly and her lamb Bonny MEET DOLLY In 1996 Dolly became the first mammal to be cloned using an adult somatic (body) cell. She was born on the 277th try. Dolly and her lamb Bonny Did you know? She was derived from a mammary gland She was named after Dolly Parton

Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012: Carp (fish) Cat Pig Cattle Pyrenean ibex (type of goat) Deer *first extinct animal to be cloned- only lived 7 mins Dog Ferret Rabbit Frog (tadpole) Rat Fruit Flies Rhesus Monkey Gaur (wild cattle) Sheep Goat Water Buffalo Horse Wolf Mice Mouflon (wild sheep) Mule

benefits organs for transplant into humans save endangered species concerns low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful) clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal decreased biodiversity

Issues with Dolly She developed and grew normally, but she had health problems Did not live as long as typical sheep

Pet owners expecting to clone an exact copy of their furry friend will be disappointed… *CC does not have the health issues normally associated with other clones. May not look, act, or behave like the original. Likely to have health issues, and a shorter life span.

Cloning in movies and books The Island (2005) People on the island are told what to eat, wear, and how to act. They are clones. Held prisoner to be used for spare parts or as surrogates The Boys from Brazil After WWII, Nazis create 94 Hitler clones in hopes that one will grow up to be like the original Hitler and create a fourth Reich

The Eyes of Nye: Cloning Please answer the questions as the video plays You will be writing an essay about EITHER Genetically Engineering humans (think GATTACA) Pros/Cons OR The ethics behind cloning humans

Table Talk- Eyes of Nye: Cloning Benefits of cloning (full organisms or only genes)? Concerns of cloning? Discuss the PROBLEMS with cloning humans. Think success rate Health of clones Be ready to share out with the class

The Clone Age When watching the video, please consider the advantages and disadvantages of cloning humans. Religion Medical advances Ethics Health of human clones

The Clone Age Questions 1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature? What are a few of the concerns with cloning? Please write a paragraph explaining the pros and cons of human cloning in your opinion.

1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature? The Clone Age Answers 1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature? bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself) some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration) Identical twins 2. What are a few of the concerns with cloning? low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful) clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original animal decreased biodiversity

Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 19 Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering Essential Question: Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms. 9.4 Genetic Engineering 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms.

Divide pg. 18 into 3 sections

Open your biology book to page 225, and on the top section of pg Open your biology book to page 225, and on the top section of pg. 18 write a paragraph explaining how genetic engineering is responsible for making this mouse glow.

The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent protein GFP The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The jellyfish gene became part of the mouse’s genes. As a result the mouse cells produce the same protein.

Table Talk What do you think genetic engineering involves? Examples? What sorts of things can we genetically engineer? Plants Animals Bacteria

Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits by inserting cloned genes from one organism into a different organism. Possible because the genetic code is shared by all organisms (all living things share the same 4 nucleotides A,T,C,G)

Draw/label /color code on pg. 19 (small) Genetic engineering uses Recombinant DNA which is DNA that contains genes from more than one organism. Foreign DNA Draw/label /color code on pg. 19 (small) Original DNA

1. restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant DNA. Plasmids are closed loops of DNA found in bacteria 1. restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA 2. foreign gene inserted into plasmid 3. Plasmid put into bacteria 4. Bacteria will multiply *Result: New proteins will be expressed in the bacteria! (bacterial DNA)

Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits! A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome.

Jurassic Park Questions Why does Dr. Grant need a drop of blood from Dr. Grant? What is inaccurate about the cloning of Dr. Grant? How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs? What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in? (Very quiet, in the background) Do we need a surrogate? Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?

Why does Dr. Grant need a drop of blood from Dr. Grant? To extract DNA from What is inaccurate about the cloning of Dr. Grant? A real clone would not be the same age, it would be a baby How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs? They fill in the “gaps” in the dinosaur DNA with frog DNA What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in? (Very quiet, in the background) They use unfertilized ostrich eggs (This is why there is no need for a surrogate. Do we need a surrogate? No. Just the egg donor (ostrich) and DNA from the animal Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed? They were all female.

Divide the rest of pg. 19 into 3 sections: (Tree Map formation) Transgenic Animals Transgenic Bacteria Transgenic Plants What are they produced for? Real life Examples

Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions. *The hope is to treat/cure diseases in humans Hard to produce! Must get a fertilized egg-insert the foreign DNA back into female Only a small % of these will mature normally Only some will be transgenic

The animals that are transgenic will have the foreign gene as part of their DNA *Gene will be in ALL of their cells, including the sperm/egg, and therefore they can pass it on to their offspring

Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce many useful chemicals Cancer drugs Pesticides Insulin *Ex: Insulin is made by introducing human recombinant DNA into a plasmid allowing it to multiply It is then collected and used to treat people with diabetes

*Bacteria used to produce artificial sweeteners Aspartame- Widely used artificial sweetener Diet soda Sugar-free gum and candy Sugar-free desserts Sugar-free condiments

Transgenic plants transgenic bacteria infect a plant many crops are now genetically modified(GM) Ex: resistance to frost/diseases/insects ***In order for plants to “pass down” the genetic trait to their offspring they must be sure that the gene is present in the seed of the plant!***

Farmers use pesticides to get rid of “pests” Farmers use herbicides to get rid of weeds If we spray a “herbicide” on a crop full of weeds what might happen? Scientists have developed genetically engineered plants that are resistant to the herbicides

Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic engineering. possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity

Draw a double bubble map comparing and contrasting cloning and genetic engineering. Give examples.

Genetically identical copy of a gene or organism Changes DNA to give it new traits Biotechnology Genetic Engineering Cloning Mouse that has jellyfish DNA Uses nuclear transfer May involve manipulating DNA Dolly the Sheep, CC the cat Weather/drought resistant fruits and veggies