 95-99% of animal species  Animals without a backbone  Many have exoskeleton : -hard or tough outer covering that provides a framework of support -protect soft tissues -prevent water loss -provides protections from predators -is shed as the animal grows

 Some invertebrates have internal skeletons, called endoskeletons (sea urchins, sea stars)  If an animal has an endoskeleton and a backbone, it is called a vertebrate.  Endoskeleton grows with the animal  Protects internal organs, provides support for the body, and can provide a place for muscles to attach on.

 Include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals  Have vertebral column or spinal column  Functions as a strong, flexible rod that muscles can pull against during swimming and running.  Bones enable forceful contraction of muscles, improving the strength of an animal.

Functions:  movement [bones + muscles  movement  shape – framework – support: gives your body shape  produces blood cells  protects internal organs [skull  brain; ribs  heart, lung]  stores minerals  calcium SPELLS: M SS PP : MISSISSIPPI

 Bone marrow: produces the blood cells 2 Kinds: -yellow marrow  stores fats -red marrow  produces blood cells

 skull  protects the brain  rib cage  vital organs: heart, lungs  vertebreae  spinal cord

 Calcium: - needed by your bones [skeletal system] - needed by muscles [muscular system] - needed by nerves [nervous system]

 Most bones develop from cartilage -softer, more flexible than bone tissue  Except the bones of the skull come from membranes

 arm/legs and hands/feet that are attached to these [appendages: arms & legs]

RequiredBonus humerus radius ulna phalanges femur patella tibia fibula carpals tarsals metacarpals metatarsals calcaneus

 head [skull]  chest [thoracic area]  back  pelvis

RequiredBonus cranium mandible clavicle sternum ribs cartilage scapula vertebrae pelvis sacrum maxilla zygomatic xiphoid cervical thoracic lumbar coccyx

 is a disease – loss of bone mass  brittle, thin bones that break easily, especially in neck & femur & spine  effects females  Estrogen helps to maintain bone mass  problems after menopause (loss of estrogen production)

 other factors that may contribute to problems: - diet poor in calcium & protein - lack of Vitamin D - smoking - exercise insufficient to stress (need weight-bearing)

 due to accumulation of uric acid [normal waste product of protein metabolism]  accumulate in blood and deposits crystals in soft tissue  usually big toe  affects more males after age 30  possibly genetic

 diet  drugs  lose weight

 bones fail to calcify  bones soften & bow under weight (legs)  due to lack of calcium (and/or Vitamin D that is needed to absorb Calcium into blood)

 Sideways curvature of the spine  Makes it difficult for lungs  to function properly

 Cancer of blood forming tissue (Bone marrow and Lymphatic system)

 Stretched or torn ligament  Pain, swelling, bruising

 Bones fail to calcify  Bones soften and bow under weight (legs)  Due to lack of Catt (and or vitamin D needed to absorb catt into blood.)

 Accumulation of uric acid  Accumulates in blood and deposits crystals.  In soft tissue (usually big toe), affects males more (after 30), possibly genetic.