Distributed Intelligence Provides Self-Healing for the Grid Michael.Edmonds@sandc.com Christopher.McCarthy@sandc.com Session 5 Paper 1199

Distributed Intelligence Old Distributed Intelligence makes sense: Traditional centralized generation and one-way power flow model is changing Distributed Energy Resources will connect at distribution voltages Local logic for bi-directional protection and automation acts on real-time information Devices are becoming more intelligent and sensing more data. Onboard computation enables calculations and decision capabilities New

Smart Switching for the Smart Grid Test 1 Test 2 Initial Trip Time (sec) Test 1 Test 2 Initial Trip Fault- Pulses Time (sec) Sensors, communications, protection, measurements, standalone or system integrated Recloser IntelliRuper™ New Types of switching – “Pulse closing” significantly reduce the damaging impacting of full fault current reclosing – 98% reduction in fault energy 15

Point-on-Wave Closing Closing angle = 90° (voltage peak) symmetrical fault current Voltage Current

Point-on-Wave Closing A closing angle of 118° after a voltage zero yields an initial minor loop CLOSING ANGLE 118° AFTER VOLTAGE ZERO Voltage Current This Is the Pulse!

Pulse Closing Energy Fault I2t let-through is typically less than 2% compared to a conventional recloser Fault 1 Fault 2 Fault 3

Reclosing Vs Pulse Closing Energy Conventional reclosers close, or reclose Close and reclose are the same action three-phase group operated random point-on-wave 7

Conventional Reclosing B Phase Permanent Fault Additional Sht Ccts applied to the system Initial Trip Test 1 Test 2 Time (Not to Scale)

Pulseclosing B Phase Permanent Fault Fault- Pulses Fault- Pulses Time (Not to Scale) Initial Trip Test 1 Test 2

Circuit Protection Station breaker relay curve Min Response Tolerance Breaker clearing time Downstream interrupting devices Fuses Reclosers Room for more SUBSTATION BREAKER MAX CLEAR MIN RESPONSE LARGEST FUSE ON CIRCUIT

Protection Setup Substation relay settings Enter downstream fuse characteristics Generate Curve TCC A1 TCC FUSE TCC FUSE

Protection Setup Repeat process until cannot coordinate A1 A2 A3 A3 A4 TCC FUSE TCC FUSE TCC FUSE

Communication Enhanced Coordination Discrete TCC’s coordinate Shared Curves could use CEC (future) Key Elements 100ms minimum response Overcurrent Detect TCC A1 TCC A2 TCC A3 100ms TCC A4

PulseFinder Non-communicating automatic sectionalizing & restoration Coordination as much as possible Shared curves for remaining devices

PulseFinder T=0 Fault in segment 5 All PulseClosers with A3 curve trip

PulseFinder T=1 sec IR-2 pulses

PulseFinder T=1 sec IR-2 pulses and closes

PulseFinder T=1.5 sec IR-3 pulses

PulseFinder T=1.5 sec IR-3 pulses and closes

PulseFinder T=2 sec IR-4 pulses

PulseFinder T=2 sec IR-4 pulses and continues PulseClosing test sequence

Self Healing

Self Healing Each device is enabled to talk to other team members Exchange information on voltage, current, status, capacity With loss of supply the team knows actual system status and reconfigures network to bring on new sources while dropping load if so required according to prioritization Requires communication between devices, lower latency reasonable bandwidth.

Rapid Self-Healing Normal circuit condition. Note source capacities. 100A Max 350A Max SRC 1 SRC 2 IR1 TEAM1 60A IR2 TEAM2 120A IR3 0A 120A N.O. N.O. IR4 TEAM3 70A TEAM4 30A 400A Max SRC 3 SRC 4 IR5 IR6 IR7 TEAM5 40A IR8 260A 0A N.O. Normal circuit condition. Note source capacities. Loss of SRC 3. IR9 TEAM6 60A

Rapid Self-Healing 100A Max 350A Max SRC 1 SRC 2 IR1 TEAM1 60A IR2 TEAM2 120A IR3 0A 120A N.O. N.O. IR4 TEAM3 70A TEAM4 30A 400A Max SRC 3 SRC 4 IR5 IR6 IR7 TEAM5 40A IR8 260A 0A N.O. IR5 senses loss of voltage, opens, and immediately initiates Rapid Self-Healing. IR9 TEAM6 60A

Rapid Self-Healing 100A Max 350A Max SRC 1 SRC 2 IR1 TEAM1 60A IR2 TEAM2 120A IR3 0A 120A N.O. N.O. IR4 TEAM3 70A TEAM4 30A 400A Max SRC 3 SRC 4 IR5 IR6 IR7 TEAM5 40A IR8 0A 260A N.O. IR8 is chosen as preferred source due to higher capacity. IR5 opens and IR8 closes to restore TEAMS 1, 3, 4, 5, 6. Restoration complete! IR9 TEAM6 60A

Integration with DMS/GIS Benefits Only maintain one master database: GIS Ensures restoration system in the field is up-to-date with latest field ‘as build data’ System propagates to each team member ie only one needs to be updated

Integration with DMS/GIS GIS Database Get connectivity model and device attributes

Integration with DMS/GIS Display updated IT-SG configurations for user to acknowledge Daily updates of field work, such as new devices installed, or lines reconductored GIS Database Automatic daily push of updated circuits

Integration with DMS/GIS Display updated IT-SG configurations for user to acknowledge DMS planning functions may desire a new “normal” configuration DMS Automatic push of updated circuits GIS Database

Layered Intelligence™ Hybrid control systems (centralized and distributed) complement each other: Distributed Intelligence acts in real-time for protection and restoration, takes care of the problem and reports complete status to central system operators can then fine-tune the system integrating Distributed Intelligence with centralized exchange of information example: implement “new normal” configuration turn data (Scada) into information

Distributed Intelligence Operational Time frame Centralized Control Distributed Intelligence

Systems with distributed Intelligence Communications Smart Switching Existing Switching Devices: upgrade to distributed intelligence Substation based Energy Storage Status & Data SCADA switches Pad Mounted Control Centre

Questions?