Figure 5.1 Hierarchy of data for a computer-based file.

Figure 5.2 Indexed sequential access method.

Figure 5.3 Computer based files in the traditional file environment cause problems such as redundancy due to partial or full duplication, inconsistency across files, and data isolation.

Figure 5.4 Database Management System (DBMS) provides access to all data in the database.

Figure 5.5 (a) Centralized database

Figure 5.5 (b) Distributed database with complete or partial copies of the central database in more than one location.

Figure 5.6 Entity-Relationship model

Figure 5.7 Non-normalized relation

Figure 5.8 Normalized relation

Figure 5.9 Hierarchical database model

Figure 5.10 Network database model

Figure 5.11 Table of relational database model

Figure 5.12 Data warehouse framework and views [Source: and Data Management Strategies, Cutter Information Operations, February 1999.]

Figure 5.13 Relational databases

Figure 5.14 Multidimensional databases

Figure 5.15 Equivalence between relational and multidimensional databases

Figure 5.15 (Continued)