Chapter 2 Federal and State Agencies: Protecting Our Borders

Introduction Police agencies have been greatly altered by the events of 9/11 Federal agencies have undergone considerable change in both structure and function Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

Agencies Within the DHS The Directorate for National Protection and Programs The Science and Technology Directorate The Office of Health Affairs The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Directorate U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) The Office of Intelligence and Analysis The Office of Operations Coordination The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) Citizenship and Immigration Services The Coast Guard The Secret Service Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

Department of Justice Headed by the attorney general Official legal arm of the U.S. government Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Created in 1908, first known as Bureau of Investigation J. Edgar Hoover focused on transforming the FBI into a professional organization Today, the FBI has 56 field offices, approximately 400 resident agencies, more than 50 foreign liaison posts Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

Priorities of the FBI Three top priority areas Other priorities Counterterrorism Counterintelligence Cybercrime Other priorities Public corruption Civil rights violations Organized crime White-collar crime Major thefts/violent crimes Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

FBI Ancillary Services FBI crime laboratory National Academy “Ten Most Wanted Fugitives” list National Crime Information Center (NCIC) Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) Began in 1869 as unit within IRS Administers the U.S. Criminal Code provisions concerning alcohol and tobacco smuggling and diversion Enforces all federal laws relating to firearms, explosives, and arson Bomb and Arson Tracking System National Response Teams International Response Team Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Began with the passage of the 1914 Harrison Act Today the DEA has primary responsibility for drug and narcotics enforcement, sharing jurisdiction with the FBI Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

DEA Responsibilities The investigation and preparation for the prosecution of suspects connected with illicit drugs seized at U.S. ports of entry and international borders Conduct of all relations with drug-enforcement officials of foreign governments Full coordination and cooperation with state and local police officials on joint drug-enforcement efforts Regulation of the legal manufacture of drugs and other controlled substances Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

U. S. Marshals Service (USMS) Established under the Judiciary Act of 1789 94 U.S. Marshals – 1 per federal court district Responsibilities include Pursue and arrest DEA fugitives Pursue escaped federal prisoners Transport federal prisoners Provide secure environment for federal courts Special Operations Group Witness Protection Program Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Not a law enforcement agency Participates in undercover and covert operations around the world Engages in research and development and deploys high technology for intelligence purposes Special centers address issues such as counterterrorism, counterintelligence, international organized crime and narcotics trafficking, and arms control intelligence Responsible to the President of the U.S. Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Main function: monitoring and collection of federal income taxes Criminal Investigation Division (CI) Investigates violations of Internal Revenue Code Money laundering investigations Tax and currency violations Enforce provisions of Bank Secrecy Act Questionable Refund Program Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) Established in 1970 – part of Treasury Department Offers law enforcement training for personnel from many federal agencies Significant increase in students due to surge in hiring by federal agencies after September 11 attacks Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

State Police and Law Enforcement Agencies State police/highway patrol General law enforcement functions Patrol, traffic control, crash investigation, etc. State bureaus of investigation (SBI) State’s equivalent to FBI Usually report to the state’s attorney general Investigate both criminal and civil cases involving the state and/or municipal jurisdictions Hawaii is the only state without a state law enforcement organization Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

State Police Duties Perform a variety of nontraffic functions SWAT Search and Rescue Drug units Court-related functions – warrants, court security Patrol methods include car patrol, bicycle patrol, foot patrol, marine patrol, motorcycle patrol Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

State Police Duties Special purpose state agencies Limited-purpose units to enforce Alcoholic beverage laws Fish and game laws State statutes/local ordinances on college campuses Agricultural laws Commercial vehicle laws Data collection for the purpose of identifying, reducing, preventing bias-based policing Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak

Career Considerations KSA’s may include U.S. citizenship Age requirement Written test Oral interview Writing sample assessment Medical exam Drug testing Background investigation Other minimum qualifications Basic training No conviction for domestic violence Firearms training Mobility agreement Academic performance may enhance pay scale Policing America: Challenges and Best Practices, 7/e Kenneth J. Peak