Magnetic Forces, Materials and Devices

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Magnetic Forces, Materials and Devices INEL 4151 ch 8 Dr. Sandra Cruz-Pol Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept. UPRM http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/10/spintronics-discover-could-lead-to-magnetic-batteries.php

Applications Motors Transformers MRI More… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ajvcdfC65w

Forces due to Magnetic fields B=mH= magnetic field density H=magnetic field intensity Force can be due to: B on moving charge, Q B on current 2 currents B is defined as force per unit current element

Forces on a Charge The total force is given by: Analogous to the electric force: We have magnetic force: The total force is given by: Note that Fm is perpendicular to both u and B If the charge moving has a mass m, then: Usually Fm < Fe

Forces on a current element The current element can be expressed as: So we can write: For closed path Line I=[A] current element Surface K=[A/m] current element Volume J=[A/m2] current element

Force between two current elements Each element produces a field B, which exerts a force on the other element. I1 R21 I2

P.E. 8.4 Find the force experienced by the loop if I1=10A, I2=5A, ro=20cm, a=1cm, b=30cm z Divide loop into 4 segments. F1 F2 r F3 F4 z I1 I2 b r ro a

For segment #1, Force #1 z I1 I2 b F1 r a ro Since I1 is infinite long wire: z I1 I2 b F1 r ro a

For segment #2, z F2 I1 I2 b r a ro The B field at segment #2 due to current 1. z F2 I1 I2 b r ro a

For segment #3, Force #3 The field at segment 3: z I1 I2 b F3 r ro a

For segment #4, z I1 I2 b r a ro F4 The B field at segment #4 due to current 1. z I1 I2 b r ro a F4

The total force en the loop is I1=10A, I2=5A, ro=20cm, a=1cm, b=30cm F1 F2 r F3 F4 z The sum of all four: Note that 2 terms cancel out: Attracts!

Magnetic Torque and Moment Inside a motor/generator we have many loops with currents, and the Magnetic fields from a magnet exert a torque on them. The torque in [N m]is: Where m is the magnetic dipole moment: Where S is the area of the loop and an is its unit normal. This applies if B is uniform z B SIDE VIEW B

Torque on a Current Loop in a Magnetic Field CD Motor   

Magnetic Torque and Moment The Magnetic torque can also be expressed as: The torque in [N m]is:

Magnetization (similar to Polarization for E) Atoms have e- orbiting and spinning Each have a magnetic dipole associated to it Most materials have random orientation of their magnetic dipoles if NO external B-field is applied. When a B field is applied, they try to align in the same direction. The total magnetization [A/m]

Magnetization The magnetization current density [A/m2] The total magnetic density is: Magnetic susceptibility is: The relative permeability is: Permeability is in [H/m].

Classification of Materials according to magnetism Non-magnetic mr=1 Ex. air, free space, most materials in their natural state. Magnetic mr≠1 Paramagnetic mr≥1 (air, platinum, tungsten, platinum ) Temperature dependent. Not many uses except in masers Ferromagnetic mr>>1 Iron, Ni,Co, steel, alloys Loose properties if heated above Curie T (770C) Nonlinear: mr varies Diamagnetic mr≤1 Electronic motions of spin and orbit cancel out. lead, copper, Si, diamonds, superconductors (mr=B=0). Are weakly affected by B Fields.

B-H or Magnetization curve When an H-field is applied to ferromagnetic material, it’s B increases until saturation. But when H is decreased, B doesn’t follow the same curve.

Hysteresis Loop Some ferrites, have almost rectangular B-H curves, ideal for digital computers for storing information. The area of the loop gives the energy loss per volume during one cycle in the form of heat. Tall-narrow loops are desirable for electric generators, motors, transformers to minimize the hysteresis losses.

Magnetic B.C. We’ll use Gauss Law & Ampere’s Circuit law

Dr. S. Cruz-Pol, INEL 4151-Electromagnetics I B.C.: Two magnetic media Consider the figure below: B1n B1 D S B1t m1 Dh B2n B2 m2 B2t Electrical Engineering, UPRM (please print on BOTH sides of paper)

Dr. S. Cruz-Pol, INEL 4151-Electromagnetics I B.C.: Two magnetic media Consider the figure below: H1n H1 q1 a b K m1 H1t Dh H2n m2 H2 c d H2t D w Electrical Engineering, UPRM (please print on BOTH sides of paper)

P.E. 8.8 Find B2 Region 1 described by 3x+4y≥10, is free space Region 2 described by 3x+4y≤10 is magnetic material with mr=10 Assume boundary is current free. OJO: Error en Solucionario!

P.E. 8.7 B-field in a magnetic material. In a region with mr=4.6 Find H and susceptability mA/m

How to make traffic light go Green when driving a bike or motorcycle Stop directly on top of induction loop on the street Attach neodymium magnets to the vehicle Move on top of loop Push crossing button Video detectors http://www.wikihow.com/Trigger-Green-Traffic-Lights http://www.labreform.org/education/loops.html

Inductors So we can define the inductance as: then: If flux passes thru N turns, the total Flux Linkage is This is proportional to the current I

Units of Inductance

When more than 1 inductor *Don’t confuse the Magnetization vector, M, with the mutual inductance!

Self -inductance The total energy in the magnetic field is the sum of the energies: The positive is taken if currents I1 and I2 flow such that the magnetic fields of the two circuits strengthen each other. See table 8.3 in textbook with formulas for inductance of common elements like coaxial cable, two-wire line, etc.

P.E. 8.10 solenoid A long solenoid with 2 x 2 cm cross section has iron core (permeability is 1000x ) and 4000 turns per meter. If carries current of 0.5A, find: Self inductance per meter Note L is Independent of current

Magnetic Circuits Magnetomotive force Reluctance Like V=IR Ex: magnetic relays, motors, generators, transformers, toroids In units of ampere-turns Table 8.4 presents analogy between magnetic and electric circuits

Magnetic Circuits Electric circuit rules apply!

Ex. Find current in coil needed to produced flux density of 1 Ex. Find current in coil needed to produced flux density of 1.5T in air gap. Assume mr=50 and all cross sectional area is 10 cm2

8.42 A cobalt ring (mr=600) has mean radius of 30cm. If a coil wound on the ring carries 12A, calculate the N required to establish an average magnetic flux density of 1.5 Teslas in the ring. radius of 30cm

Force on Magnetic materials Relay N turns, current I B.C. B1n=B2n (ignore fringing) Total energy change is used to displace bar a distance dl. S=cross sectional area of core

P.E. 8.16 U-shape electromagnet Will lift 400kg of mass(including keeper + weight) Iron yoke has mr=3,000 Cross section =40cm2 Air gap are 0.1mm long Length of iron=50cm Current is 1A Find number of turns, N Find force across one air gap Esto nos da el B en el air gap.

MagLev magnetic Levitation Floating one magnet over another Use diamagnetic materials, which repel and are repelled by strong H fields. Superconductors are diamagnetic. Regular train 187 mph Maglev train 312 mph