Europe and North America in the Postwar Years CHAPTER 31 4/12/2017 CHAPTER 31 Europe and North America in the Postwar Years Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe Section 2: Origins of the Cold War Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Section 4: The United States and Canada

Aftermath of the War in Europe Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe Objectives: Describe the origins of the postwar settlement for Europe. Explain why Germany was divided into four occupation zones and what developed as a result. Explore how the United Nations is organized. Identify the problems the Allies faced in keeping the peace.

Wartime Conferences and Postwar Problems Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe Wartime Conferences and Postwar Problems Tehran, Yalta Disagreements between “Big Three,” plans for United Nations

The Occupation of Germany Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe The Occupation of Germany Decisions at Potsdam – Allied Control Council, Council of Foreign Ministers Redrawing borders – increased population in Germany Demilitarization and reparations The Nürnberg trials – Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace and humanity

Aftermath of the War in Europe Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe The United Nations General Assembly – any nation could join and have same voting rights as others Security Council – ten temporary members and five permanent ones; veto power

Aftermath of the War in Europe Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe Peacemaking Problems Soviet Union and Western Allies had conflicting goals Soviets wanted communist-controlled governments

SECTION 1 Aftermath of War in Europe Question: What were the purposes and results of the wartime conferences?

SECTION 1 Aftermath of War in Europe Purpose Result Yalta Conference ensure lasting peace, decide how to deal with defeated nations decided to establish UN and to partition Germany Allied Control Council to oversee temporary German government members deadlocked on decisions; each ended up governing its own zone United Nations to prevent another war 41 nations drafted charter; members worked together to avoid conflict

Origins of the Cold War Objectives: Section 2: Examine how and why the alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union ended. Investigate how the United States attempted to stop the spread of communism and aid Europe. Describe how Germany became two separate countries. Identify the Cold War alliances that developed in Europe.

Origins of the Cold War The End of the Alliance Section 2: Struggle between communism and democracy Cold War – war of ideas and worldviews waged by two superpowers

The United States Aids Europe Section 2: Origins of the Cold War The United States Aids Europe The Truman Doctrine – United States committed to restricting spread of communism The Marshall Plan – removal of trade barriers to provide economic aid

Origins of the Cold War The Cold War in Europe Section 2: Eastern and Central Europe – Soviet Union overthrew Czechoslovakia and forced communism on them Problems in Germany – three Western powers united their zones; Soviets opposed unification and blockaded border into West Berlin The division of Germany – Western Allies approved formation of West Germany; Soviet Union formed East Germany

NATO and the Warsaw Pact Section 2: Origins of the Cold War NATO and the Warsaw Pact NATO – twelve Western nations signed treaty to protect each other, others soon joined Warsaw Pact – Eastern bloc nations’ mutual defense program, troops outnumbered NATO troops

meant to pro- vide protection for member nations in case of attack SECTION 2 Origins of the Cold War NATO Both Warsaw Pact members relied heavily on U.S. nuclear weapons as a deterrent to aggression meant to pro- vide protection for member nations in case of attack members pledged to supply troops in proportion to their population in case of attack

Objectives: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Section 3: Describe the West German “miracle.” Explain why the British met with mixed success in stimulating economic growth. Explore how France maintained an independent position in European affairs. Analyze how the Soviet Union changed under new leadership. Identify the problems Eastern European nations faced.

The West German “Miracle” Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe The West German “Miracle” West German economic recovery – free-market policy, reconstruction and industrial development progressed rapidly Politics – stable democracy; committed to market economy; encouraged East Germans to escape to West Germany

Postwar Britain Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Postwar Britain Loss of workers and colonies Cost of overseas commitments Shift from coal to oil and nuclear power

New Republics in France Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe New Republics in France De Gaulle helped to transform French empire into voluntary association of self-governing nations Political instability led people to reject reforms

Western Europe and Integration Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Western Europe and Integration Recovery elsewhere in Europe – democracies in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; free-enterprise systems in Greece, Portugal, and Spain Economic integration – Common Market, European Community

The Soviet Union After Stalin Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe The Soviet Union After Stalin Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s policies, made economic reforms Innovations in military and space technology Evolved into modern industrial society

Eastern Europe Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Eastern Europe Collectivization delayed economic recovery Lower living standards than in the West Dissatisfaction with communism

SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Question: What were the results of economic policies in western Europe?

SECTION 3 Israel and the Occupied Territories Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Economic policies Results West Germany free market economy “miracle” recovery Great Britain welfare state slow economic growth, low productivity France help from Marshall Plan slow recovery, political instability Other Western European Nations varied; generally focused on free-enterprise system varied; differing rates of political and economic stability

The United States and Canada Section 4: The United States and Canada Objectives: Examine the major domestic problems the United States faced in the postwar era. Investigate how the policy of containment led to foreign conflicts. Identify the challenges the Canadian people responded to in the postwar era.

Domestic Challenges Face the United States Section 4: The United States and Canada Domestic Challenges Face the United States The economy and the Cold War at home – new industries, new construction, economic growth; anticommunist hysteria, McCarthyism Domestic reforms and civil rights – war on poverty; NAACP; public school integration; Martin Luther King, Jr.

Foreign Policy and the Cold War Section 4: The United States and Canada Foreign Policy and the Cold War Southeast Asia Treaty Organization – to halt communist advances Eisenhower Doctrine – economic and military assistance to noncommunist nations in Middle East Cuba turned to Soviet Union for support against United States, resulting in Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam War – sparked frustration, discontent, and antiwar protest in United States

The United States and Canada Section 4: The United States and Canada Canada’s Challenges Economic and agricultural growth, as well as industrial growth French Quebec wanted to separate from rest of Canada

Question: What were the results of the policy of containment? SECTION 4 The United States and Canada Question: What were the results of the policy of containment?

SECTION 4 The United States and Canada Policies and Actions Purpose Results police action in Korea to stop spread of communism nuclear arms competition SEATO fear and discontent within the U.S. Eisenhower Doctrine invasion of Cuba involvement in Vietnam

Chapter Wrap-Up CHAPTER 31 1. How effective were command economies in the postwar era? 2. What problems regarding democracy did the separatist movement in Canada raise? 3. What sort of protests did civil rights activists rely upon in the 1960s?