1 Changes in Korean population concentration in Osaka from the 1920s to the 1980s Taku FUKUMOTO (Research Fellow, Osaka City University) ‘Koreatown’ in Osaka

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -2- Introduction: International Migration in East Asia in the Early 20th Century Annexation of Taiwan in 1897 Cession of Southern Sakhalin in 1905 Annexation of Korea in 1910 Establish- ment of Manchukuo in Second Sino- Japanese War South-East Asia Pacific War The expansion of Japanese imperialism

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -3- Introduction: International Migration in East Asia in the Early 20th Century  Three types of migration 1.Japanese immigration to the colonial territories 2.The immigration of colonial nationals to Japan 3.Migration between occupied territories

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -4- Koreans in Osaka

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -5- Changes in Korean Population in Osaka Annexation of Korea Cheju-Osaka seaway opened The end of the W.W.II

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -6- Formation and Expansion of Korean Concentrations Spatial distribution of Koreans in 1929 easternpart south- western part South side of Yodo River

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -7- Formation and Expansion of Korean concentration Spatial distribution of Koreans in 1938

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -8- Differences in Employment Status The proportion of industrial workers in densely populated Korean districts

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -9- Differences in Employment Status Businesses established by Koreans in 1937

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -10- Relationship with Cheju Island  Relationship between Osaka and Cheju Island  A direct shipping route linking these areas was opened in 1923  Most Koreans from Cheju resided in the eastern concentration

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -11- Temporal Migration or Not?  The proportion of females increased throughout the 1930s  A portion of the Koreans who settled in Osaka moved back and forth between Japan and Cheju Island

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -12- Repatriation in the Immediate Aftermath of WWII  Koreans rushed to designated repatriation ports  Most Korean migrants had no reason to stay in Japan  Over 90% of Koreans intended to repatriate in March, 1946

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -13- Repatriation in the Immediate Aftermath of W.W.II. The end of the W.W.II

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -14- Change of concentration after the end of the W.W.II. Spatial distribution of Koreans in 1947

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -15- Damaged by air attacks

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -16-  GHQ/SCAP-imposed export limits  currency (1,000yen)  goods (750lb.)  Who found it difficult to return?  Those whose home or businesses were less damaged by air attacks  Migrants who owned property Repatriation in the Immediate Aftermath of WWII

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -17- Distribution of Korean entrepreneurs

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -18- A gradual increase in the number of Koreans residing in Postwar Osaka

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -19-  “Illegal immigration” from Cheju Island  Unstable political and economic conditions in Korea  Continued existence of a migration channel between Cheju and Osaka Repatriation in the Immediate Aftermath of WWII

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -20-  Two core functions of ethnic networks  entrepreneurship (social capital)  encouraging migration  Internal migration from other prefectures Why Osaka’s Korean population began to increase in the 1950s?

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -21- Why Osaka’s Korean population began to increase in the 1950s? Spatial distribution of Koreans in 1995

I.G.C. Taku FUKUMOTO (Osaka City Univ.) -22-  The key factors driving fluctuations in the concentrations of Koreans in Osaka  social factors  historical factors  political factors Concluding remarks