Bend, Not Break: China During the Cultural Revolution Question To Consider: How did Communism emerge in China, and what are Communism’s core values? What caused the Cultural Revolution? What was the purpose of the Cultural Revolution, and how did it impact China?

The Origins of Communism in China China in the Early 20 th Century Imperialists carving up China. French political cartoon, 1898.

The Origins of Communism in China Chiang Kai Shek and the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) Sun Yat Sen and members of the Revive China Society. Singapore, undated. Sun Yat Sen, 1922.

The Origins of Communism in China Chiang Kai Shek and the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) Chiang Kai Shek, Chiang Kai Shek and Sun Yat Sen at a dedication ceremony. 1924

The Origins of Communism in China Chiang Kai Shek and the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) Flags of the new Republic of China flown on the streets of Shanghai

The Origins of Communism in China Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong, 1927 Congress of Toilers meeting. March 1922.

The Origins of Communism in China Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party “The life of peasants is good after the Land Reform.” 1951.

The Origins of Communism in China Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party Poster depicting Chinese collective farm

The Origins of Communism in China Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party “Philosophy is a sharp weapon in the hands of the masses!” 1971.

The Origins of Communism in China Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party “Beware, religion is the poison of the mind!” Soviet propaganda poster, 1930’s. Chalices and sacramental instruments looted from a church during the Russian Civil War

The Origins of Communism in China Chinese Civil War ( ) Heads of executed communists. Shanghai, Chinese communists arrested by Nationalist forces in Shanghai, 1927.

The Origins of Communism in China Chinese Civil War ( ) Flight of Chinese Communist Forces during the Long March, Mao Zedong, 1936

The Origins of Communism in China Chinese Civil War ( ) Chinese Red Army forces & 1937.

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) Japanese forces marching through Peking

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) Japanese forces on the Great Wall of China

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) Shanghai after a Japanese air attack, November 1937.

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) Japanese expansion into China,

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) Chiang Kai-Shek, Madame Chiang, and General Joseph Stillwell. Chunking, April 1942.

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) Routes of American Lend Lease aid, December 1941.

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) American cargo plane flying over “The Hump.” Undated. Himalayas, at about 26,000 feet above sea level.

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) Chinese Nationalist Forces. July 1940.

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) American military and diplomatic officials meeting with Mao Zedong and Chinese Communist officials. Chungking, August 1945.

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) Chinese Red Army forces, March 1946.

The Origins of Communism in China China During World War II ( ) Citizens of Shanghai celebrate V-J Day, August 15, 1945.

The Origins of Communism in China China & World War II ( ) Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai Shek celebrating Chinese victory in World War II. September 1945.

The Origins of Communism in China Communist Victory (October 1949) Nationalist forces entrenched in Manchuria. May 1946.

The Origins of Communism in China Communist Victory (October 1949) Chinese Red Army on the march to Shanghai, May 1949.

The Origins of Communism in China Communist Victory (October 1949) Mao Zedong on the march with Red Army forces. Shaanbei, 1947.

The Origins of Communism in China Communist Victory (October 1949) Chinese citizens evacuating from the city of Nanjing, January Red Army forces entering the city of Beijing. June 1949.

The Origins of Communism in China Communist Victory (October 1949) Mao Zedong reading proclamation establishing People’s Republic of China. Beijing, October 1949.

The Cultural Revolution The Great Leap Forward ( ) “An Abundant Harvest.” 1960’s.

The Cultural Revolution The Great Leap Forward ( ) Mao and the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Beijing, 1955.

The Cultural Revolution The Great Leap Forward ( ) Chinese youth marching from rural countryside to Beijing Mao and Chinese students. Shaoshan, 1957.

The Cultural Revolution ( ) Cultural Rejection “Long live the victory of the revolutionary cultural line of Chairman Mao!” “Criticize the old world and build a new world with Mao Zedong! Thought is a weapon!” 1966.

The Cultural Revolution ( ) Cultural Rejection “Destroy the Old World, Establish the New World!” “Firmly grasp large-scale revolutionary criticism!” 1969.

The Cultural Revolution ( ) Cultural Rejection “Philosophy is a sharp weapon in the hands of the masses!” 1971.

The Cultural Revolution ( ) Cultural Rejection “Philosophy comes from soldiers, farmers, and factory workers!”

The Cultural Revolution ( ) Cultural Rejection Mother Superior Winifred Duff being assisted from an ambulance after fleeing China being attacked by Red Guards. Hong Kong, 1966.

The Cultural Revolution ( ) Social Upheaval “To villages we go, to the borders we go, to places in the fatherland where we are most needed, we go!” Rural labor detail for water reclamation

The Cultural Revolution ( ) Social Upheaval Chinese children participating in Red Guard rally. Wushi, 1967.

The Cultural Revolution ( ) Mass Violence Red Guard political poster showing how to deal with “enemies of the people.” Beijing, Red Guards displaying Chinese citizens labeled as “capitalist ” enemies. Shenyang, 1967.

Aftermath of the Cultural Revolution China Today Tiananmen Square, Beijing Deng Xiaoping

Aftermath of the Cultural Revolution China Today “Special Economic Zones - China's great open door.” “Youthful Dance Steps.” 1986.

Aftermath of the Cultural Revolution China Today Pro-democracy protests and the Goddess of Democracy in Tiananmen Square. Beijing, June 1989

Aftermath of the Cultural Revolution China Today “Tank Man” at Tiananmen Square. June 1989.

Shanghai: 1990 vs. 2012