TRAFFICKING The silent slavery

 Slavery has been abolished in most countries in the 1800s, but it still exists in the world today in different forms. After drug trafficking, human trafficking is tied with the illegal arms trade as the second largest criminal industry in the world and is the fastest growing.

WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING?  Human trafficking is a form of modern day slavery  Sexual, Labour, forced Marriage, organ Transplant, Camel Jockey.  Victims exploited for commercial sex or labor purposes  Traffickers use force, fraud, and coercion  Victims are young children, teenagers men and women.

Trafficking in Persons Defined The United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children defines trafficking in persons as: The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs. The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.

DEFINITION OF "SEVERE FORMS OF TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS" The Trafficking Victims Protection Act defines "severe form of trafficking in persons" as (a) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or (a) sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or (b) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. (b) the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.

Definition of Terms Used in the Term "Severe Forms of Trafficking in Persons" " Sex trafficking" means the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act. " Sex trafficking" means the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act. "Commercial sex act" means any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person. "Commercial sex act" means any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person.

" Involuntary servitude" includes a condition of servitude induced by means of: " Involuntary servitude" includes a condition of servitude induced by means of: (a) any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that, if the person did not enter into or continue in such condition, that person or another person would suffer serious harm or physical restraint; or (b) the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process. (b) the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process.

"Debt bondage“. Victims trafficking are often subjected to debt-bondage, usually in the context of paying off transportation fees into the destination countries. "Debt bondage“. Victims trafficking are often subjected to debt-bondage, usually in the context of paying off transportation fees into the destination countries. Victims do not realize that their debts are often legally unenforceable. Victims do not realize that their debts are often legally unenforceable. In many cases the victims are trapped into a cycle of debt because they have to pay for all living expenses in addition to the initial transportation expenses. In many cases the victims are trapped into a cycle of debt because they have to pay for all living expenses in addition to the initial transportation expenses. Most victims rarely see the money they are supposedly earning and many they don’t know the specific amount of debt.

"Coercion" means: "Coercion" means: (a) threats of serious harm to or physical restraint against any person; (a) threats of serious harm to or physical restraint against any person; (b) any scheme, plan or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that failure to perform an act would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against any person; or, (b) any scheme, plan or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that failure to perform an act would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against any person; or, (c) the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process. (c) the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process.

Forms of exploitation in the country of destination Sexual exploitation Sexual exploitation Economic exploitation Economic exploitation Domestic workers Domestic workers Sweatshops (garment and textiles sectors, etc.) Sweatshops (garment and textiles sectors, etc.) Catering and services sector Catering and services sector Begging and street peddling Begging and street peddling Sports Sports

Other forms…..? Illegal adoption, baby selling and trafficking Illegal adoption, baby selling and trafficking Child sex tourist Child sex tourist (Each year more than a million children are exploited in the global commercial sex trade. Child sex tourism involves people who travel from their own country to another and engage in commercial sex acts with children) (Each year more than a million children are exploited in the global commercial sex trade. Child sex tourism involves people who travel from their own country to another and engage in commercial sex acts with children)

WHAT IS SEX TRAFFICKING?  The recruitment, harboring, transporting, provision or obtaining of a person of a commercial sex act, in which the commercial sex act is inducted by force, fraud or coercion, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is under the age of 18 years

WHAT IS LABOR TRAFFICKING?  The recruitment, harboring, transporting, provision or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, debt bondage or slavery.  Victims can be found in domestic situations as nannies or maids, sweatshop factories, construction sites, farm work, restaurants, etc

VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING Estimations of the number of people trafficked each year vary from tens of thousands to millions. Estimations of the number of people trafficked each year vary from tens of thousands to millions. Such variation are due to the nature of trafficking and the methodological difficulties in collection data, statistics and information on the issue. Such variation are due to the nature of trafficking and the methodological difficulties in collection data, statistics and information on the issue. Some researches estimate that every year 1 to 2 million women – men and children are trafficked worldwide, around 225,000 of them are from South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Bhutan). Some researches estimate that every year 1 to 2 million women – men and children are trafficked worldwide, around 225,000 of them are from South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Bhutan). Other estimates show that over the last 30 years, trafficking for sexual exploitation alone has victimized some 30 million Asian women and children. Other estimates show that over the last 30 years, trafficking for sexual exploitation alone has victimized some 30 million Asian women and children.

VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING 12 million Africans slaves moved to America in 400 years 12 million Africans slaves moved to America in 400 years 30 million trafficked women in South East Asia in the last 10 years 30 million trafficked women in South East Asia in the last 10 years USA estimates that 75,000 women and children are illegally brought into the US annually for forced prostitution and other forma of slave labor (from all over the world including Africa, Asia, India, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Russia, Canada, etc). USA estimates that 75,000 women and children are illegally brought into the US annually for forced prostitution and other forma of slave labor (from all over the world including Africa, Asia, India, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Russia, Canada, etc). INDIA: Est. 2-3 million people trafficked INDIA: Est. 2-3 million people trafficked More than 17,000 women and children are victims of trafficking in Greece today. Most victims come from Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria and Albania. More than 17,000 women and children are victims of trafficking in Greece today. Most victims come from Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria and Albania.

HOW VICTIMS ARE TRAFFICKED? Traffickers use force, fraud and coercion to compel women, men and children to engage in these activities FORCE: Involves the use of rape, beatings and confinement to control victims. FORCE: Involves the use of rape, beatings and confinement to control victims. Forceful violence is used especially during the early stages of victimization, known as the “seasoning process”, which is used to break victims resistant to make them easier to control Forceful violence is used especially during the early stages of victimization, known as the “seasoning process”, which is used to break victims resistant to make them easier to control

COERCION: COERCION: Involves threats of serious harm to, or physical restrain of, any person, Involves threats of serious harm to, or physical restrain of, any person, - any scheme plan or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that failure to performer an act would result in serious harm to or physical restrain against any person or - any scheme plan or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that failure to performer an act would result in serious harm to or physical restrain against any person or - the abuse threatened abuse of the legal process. - the abuse threatened abuse of the legal process.

FRAUD: Involves false offers that include people into trafficking situations. FRAUD: Involves false offers that include people into trafficking situations. For example women and children will reply to advertisements promising jobs as waitresses, maids and dancers in other countries and are then trafficked for purposes of prostitution once they arrive at their destinations For example women and children will reply to advertisements promising jobs as waitresses, maids and dancers in other countries and are then trafficked for purposes of prostitution once they arrive at their destinations

Trafficking Vs. Migrant Smuggling TRAFFICKING TRAFFICKING Victims either do not consent to their situation Victims either do not consent to their situation Ongoing exploitation of victims to generate illicit profits for the traffickers Ongoing exploitation of victims to generate illicit profits for the traffickers Trafficking need not entail the physical movement of a person (entail the exploitation for labor or commercial sex) Trafficking need not entail the physical movement of a person (entail the exploitation for labor or commercial sex) SMUGGLING Migrant smuggling includes those who consent to being smuggled Smuggling Is a breach of the integrity of a nation's borders Smuggling is always transnational

Factors for trafficking The factors underlying the decision to leave home may be classified into two groups. Firstly, the role of the 'push' factors, in other words factors in the home country such as poverty, unemployment, repression, natural disasters and war, which should not be underestimated. Firstly, the role of the 'push' factors, in other words factors in the home country such as poverty, unemployment, repression, natural disasters and war, which should not be underestimated. Secondly, there are 'pull' factors in Western countries that attract people, such as “democracy” “freedom” and “employment opportunities”. Secondly, there are 'pull' factors in Western countries that attract people, such as “democracy” “freedom” and “employment opportunities”.

The causes of trafficking The causes of human trafficking are complex and often reinforce each other. The causes of human trafficking are complex and often reinforce each other. poverty poverty the attraction of perceived higher standards of living elsewhere the attraction of perceived higher standards of living elsewhere lack of employment opportunities lack of employment opportunities organized crime organized crime violence against women and children violence against women and children discrimination against women discrimination against women government corruption government corruption political instability political instability armed conflict armed conflict

Low levels of education Low levels of education Family and social pressures Family and social pressures Natural disasters (the case of Indian Ocean Tsunami,2004) Natural disasters (the case of Indian Ocean Tsunami,2004) In the aftermath of December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, there were sporadic reports of sexual abuse, kidnapping, and trafficking in persons in the countries devastated by the tsunami. Thousands of orphanage children where vulnerable to exploitation by criminal elements seeking profite from their misery.

The victims and their problems ….. They don’t speak the language of the country of destination They don’t speak the language of the country of destination They are often confined to room or small space where they eat, work and sleep. They are often confined to room or small space where they eat, work and sleep. They fear and don’t trust many providers, the government or the police. Often traffickers tell their victims that they are in the United States illegally, and they will be arrested and deported if they try to get help. They fear and don’t trust many providers, the government or the police. Often traffickers tell their victims that they are in the United States illegally, and they will be arrested and deported if they try to get help.  Victims may feel that their current situation is their fault, and they are guilty about it.

Trafficking victims may develop loyalties and positive feelings toward their trafficker as way to cope with their situation – known as the Stockholm or Syndrome. Trafficking victims may develop loyalties and positive feelings toward their trafficker as way to cope with their situation – known as the Stockholm or Syndrome.  Traffickers frequently move their victims to escape detection. As a result, trafficking victims may not even know what city or country they’re in.  Victims of trafficking also fear for the safety of their family members in their native country, who are often threatened by the traffickers.

CONCLUSION It is hard to imagine that in the twenty first century human beings could be exploited and force to work in the sex industry and other industries. It is hard to imagine that in the twenty first century human beings could be exploited and force to work in the sex industry and other industries. Human trafficking is a crime against the basic dignity and the rights of the human person. Human trafficking is a crime against the basic dignity and the rights of the human person. All efforts must be expended to end it. All efforts must be expended to end it.