Fractures شکستگی ها.

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Presentation transcript:

Fractures شکستگی ها

تعریف یک شکستگی ممکن است سبب جدا شدگی کامل در طول استخوان (Continuty) یا ممکن است سبب جدا شد گی نا کامل یا Crack در طول استخوان بشود.

Classification

According to their etiology: FX. Caused soley by sudden inj. Fatigue or stress FX. Pathological FX.

Closed FX. هیچ ارتباطی بین شکستگی و خارج پوست وجود ندارد Open or compound FX. زخم بر روی سطح پوست است و بین شکستگی و زخم ارتباط وجود دارد

Patterns of FX. 1- Transverse FX. 2- Oblique FX. 3- Spiral FX. 4- Comminuted FX. 5- Compression or crush FX. 6- Greenstick FX. 7- Impacted FX.

Stable FX. شکستگی کمپرشن Unstable FX. oblique – spiral شکستگی

Repair of Tubular Bone 1- Stage of hematoma. 2- Stage of subperiosteal & endosteal cellular proliferation. 3- Stage of callus. 4- Stage of consolidation. 5- Remodeling.

1- Stage of haematoma A- FX. Torn vessels → haematoma → around FX surfaces → stripped up or Torn periosteum → Extravasate into soft tissue M- fascia – skin B- FX → torn capillaries → ischemia on FX site → Dead osteocyte

2- Stage of subperiosteal & Endosteal Cellullar Proliferation Cellular activity Cells of deep within surface of periosteum Medullary canal close to the FX. and proliferate Endosteum Cellular growth Inside of bone osteoblast precursors Active tissue surrounds outside of each fragments bridge the FX. + Variable cartilage

3- Stage of callus Mature cellular tissue osteoblasts & chondroblasts Intercellular matrix of collagen & polysaccharide + Calcium salt Woven bone

4- Stage of Consolidation Woven bone activity of osteoclasts & osteoblasts lamellar structure

5- Stage of remodeling Union is compete C bulbous collar of bone & obliterate medullary canal months bone is gradually strengthened این پدیده بطور نامحسوس در تمام عمر اتفاق می افتد در اطفال خط شکستگی با زمان از بین می رود

Repair of cancellous bone متفاوت با Tubular bone می باشد بدلیل no medullary canal , uniform spongy texture این استخوانها پهن تر بوده و میزان جابجایی کمتر و میزان تماس بین قطعات استخوان بیشتر از استخوان های دراز است وجود شبکه ترابکولی وسیع سبب تسهیل در نفوذ forming tissue - bone میشود یونیون با External callus & int کم یا متوسط صورت می گیرد haematoma→ new blood vessels proliferating ostrogenic cells → bone bridge→ osteoblaits + intercellular matrix woven bone calcium

Origin of bone – Forming cells 1- Resting osteoblasts of deep surface of periosteum + endosteum 2- Osteoprogenitor or precursor cells belong to reticulo – endothelial group. Parathyroid hormon increased rate of cell proliferation 3- Endothelial cells of new blood vessels.

Fatigue or stress Fxs. Repeated stress : rearrangement of molecular structure which weakens & permits a crack on bone Pain on prolonged walking or marching Metatarsal , fibula & tibia و بندرت استخوان ران No HX. of trauma Local tenderness + mild swelling

Fatigue FX. cont Faint hairline crack on transverse direction after 2 - 4 weeks on radiography. + Zone of callus ∆∆ - Bone sarcoma

Pathological FXs. در استخوان که قبلاً توسط بیماری ضعیف شده است رخ می دهد در اثر ترومای خفیف یا خودبخود درد وتندرنس خفیف دارد بیماری زمینه ای می تواند موضعی و محدود یا چند استخوان یا تمام اسکلتن را گرفته باشد

Pathological FXs. cont Metastatic carcinoma << lung – breast – prostate – thyroid – kidney >> Bone cyst Osteoporosis

Clinical Examination 1- visible or palpable deformity. 2- local swelling. 3- visible bruising (ecchymosis). 4- marked local tenderness over bone. 5- marked impairment of function. 6- crepitus on FX Site.

Additional clinical investigations Skin wound State of the circulation * 1st 48h * severe pain within plaster Color → pink blue, grey, white suspect warmth Arterial pulses compartment synd مهم - Capillary return

Additional clinical cont Nerve conductivity * ischemia * physical trauma Specific test * Doppler sonography * arteriography

Additional Clinical cont - State of the spinal cord & peripheral nerves Sensibility Motor Sweating Bladder function - State of the viscera Bladder & urethra on pelvic FX

Imaging Techniques 1- X-R (AP – lat – oblique) 2- Bone scanning t.99 diphosphonate 3- C.T. 4- MRI 5- Tomography

Test of Union Clinical tests : 1- absence of mobility 2- absence of tenderness 3- absence of pain Radiological criteria of union : 1- visible bridging callus 2- continuity of bone trabecula across the FX.

Principles of FX. Treatment Initial management : - First aid - Clinical assessment - Resuscitation

First aid 1- در صحنه حادثه : بازنگه داشتن راههای هوایی بند آوردن خونریزی پانسمان زخم با پارچه تمیز بی حرکتی اندام شکسته انتقال بی خطر بیمار با آمبولانس مراقبت ویژه از ستون فقرات گردنی و ممانعت از flex کردن فقرات و بستن Cervical collar قرار دادن بیمار مصدوم ستون فقرات بر روی یک جسم سفت بی حرکتی موقت اندام مصدوم مثل بانداژ دست به سینه

First aid cont بند آوردن خونریزی با قرار دادن pad و کمپرشن یا بستن تورنیکه چنانچه از داروهای مسکن و مخدر استفاده شود بایستی پوکه آن به بیمارستان ارسال گردد

Clinical Assessment بیمار باید از نظر: ارتباط زخم با شکستگی احتمال ضایعات عروقی احتمال ضایعات عصبی احتمال ضایعه احشایی میزان سطح هوشیاری بررسی شود

Resuscitation - درمان هیپوولمیک شوک دادن خون گرفتن رگ جایگزینهای خون – مثل پلاسما جبران الکترولیتها با سرم رینگر

Dx. Of uncomplicated closed FXs Fundamental principles - reduction - immobilization - preservation of function

Methods of reduction Manipulative reduction Reduction by mechanical Tx. Operative reduction

Immobilization Principles : Prevention of displacement or angulation Prevention of movement Relief of pain

Method of Immobilization 1- Plaster of Paris cast or other external splint or brace 2- Continuous Tx. 3- Ext. Fixation 4- Int. Fixation

Rehabilitation Active use Active Ex. Continuous passive motion

Dx.Of Open Fxs. Principle of Dx.: - clean wound - removal of dead tissue & externus material - external fixation Supplementary Dx. - A.B. therapy - prophylaxis against tetanus toxoid اگر قبلاً مصون باشد فقط دوز بوستر ,toxoid دوز ثانویه 6ws بعد واگر مصون نباشد استاندارد دوز

Complication of Fxs 1- Infection 2- Delayed union 3- Nonunion 4- A vascular necrosis 5- Malunion 6- Shortening 7- Major blood vessels injury 8- Nerves injury 9- Viscera injury 10- Tendon injury 11- Injury & post traumatic affection of joints 12- Fat embolism

Complication of Fxs cont 13- Intra & periarthicular adhesions 14- Post – traumatic ossification 15- Reflex sympathetic dystrophy 16- Osteoarthritis

The End