HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

A language variety where users regional / social background appears in their use of vocabulary & grammar. A language variety where users regional / social background appears in their use of vocabulary & grammar.

The features of pronunciation (the speech sounds) that show regional/social identity (and arguably that of an individual, since one could have a personal and idiosyncratic accent).

 Traces of Saxon pirates in the fourth century A.D.: A city wall was built along the river Thames in London after A.D. 360  A.D. 477 and A.D. 495 – The Saxons & Frisians (Germany) >> Wessex, Essex, and Sussex.  A.D the Jutes >> Kent; the Angles >> north: + East Anglia (south-east England) + Mercia (central England) + Northumbria (northern England).  Conversion to Christianity in A.D. 597  Traces of Saxon pirates in the fourth century A.D.: A city wall was built along the river Thames in London after A.D. 360  A.D. 477 and A.D. 495 – The Saxons & Frisians (Germany) >> Wessex, Essex, and Sussex.  A.D the Jutes >> Kent; the Angles >> north: + East Anglia (south-east England) + Mercia (central England) + Northumbria (northern England).  Conversion to Christianity in A.D. 597

 Northumbria - the Angles  Mercia - the Angles  East Anglia - the Angles  Essex - the Saxons  Sussex - the Saxons  Wessex - the Saxons  Kent - the Jutes  Northumbria - the Angles  Mercia - the Angles  East Anglia - the Angles  Essex - the Saxons  Sussex - the Saxons  Wessex - the Saxons  Kent - the Jutes

 Anglo-Saxon place-names: -bury, -ford, -ton, -ham, -worth, -field, -ing, -ley  Bourne: Stream  Burn: Stream  Burg: Large village  Bury: Fortified place  Croft: Small enclosure  Ford: Shallow river crossing  Ham: Village  Ing: People  Lake: Lake  Ley; Lea: Clearing  Mere/Mer/Mar: Pool  Moor: Moor  Moss: Swamp  Ney: Island  Riding; Rod: Cleared land  Stead: place  Stoc: Summer pasture  Stoke: 'Daughter' settlement  Stow: Holy Place  Ton; Tun: House; Farm  Weald; Wold; High Woodland  Wic; Wike: Farm; Group of huts  Wood: Wood  Worth: Fenced land

Dialect differences - 4 dialects: West Saxon Mercian Kentish Northumbrian Dialect differences - 4 dialects: West Saxon Mercian Kentish Northumbrian

 West Saxon developed a literary standard  it is NOT the ancestor of Modern English West Saxon : Anglian  ea o ceald cald > ModE ‘cold’  ie e hieran heran > ModE ‘hear’

 cynn > kinn ‘kin’ = Northern / East Midlands  kunn = West Saxon  kenn = Kent / Southern  OE myrige > merry (Southern)  OE lyft > left (Southern)  OE byrgan > bury (West Saxon) /beri/ (Southern)  OE bysig > busy (West Saxon) /bɪzi/ (Northern)  Kentish ken < kin, zen < sin

 Front / i-mutation / i-umlaut: back vowel + /ɪ/, /i:/, or /j/ in the following syllable:  u: > y: > i:  o: > e: Gothic OE Mod E  *m ǔ siz > ms (Umlaut) mice /maɪs/(GVS)  *f ǔ lljan > fyllan (Umlaut) fill /fɪll/ (no GVS)  *fŏdjan > fēdan (Umlaut) feed /fi:d/ (GVS)

 mouse-mice,  full-fill,  gold-gild,  fox-vixen,  food-feed,  doom-deem,  goose-geese  tooth-teeth,  book-beech,  man-men,  Canterbury-Kent,  long-length,  tale-tell

 A number of local dialects  The OE disunity - considerably increased #1 the isolation of districts in the feudal state #2 the two foreign influences

Northumbrian > NORTHERN (Northern, Lowland, Scottish) Mercian > MIDLAND (West Midland, East Midland, South-West Midland) LONDON SOUTHERN West Saxon > MIDLAND (West Midland, East Midland, South-West Midland) LONDON SOUTHERN Kentish >KENTISH

The mixed dialect of London: the South Western type >> SHIFT >> the East Midland type

 The earliest records - written in the local dialects  No literary standard yet in existence  Some time after the Norman conquest (1066) English literature practically nonexistent  Some dialects – an almost 200-year gap  The earliest MidE samples of prose: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles >> the Petersborough Chronicle ( ).

 England - UPPER CLASS (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION)RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION  Phonology  [r] if not followed by a vowel  [o] ¡ [Ïw] know, so, though, blow,  [a] ¡ [Ø] not, what, got  accent: library,  Morphology  have is a modal auxiliary:  It is raised: have you a quid?  It is cliticized: I've five quid  Collectives:  the parliament are in session  the team are fit  the group are out playing  Syntax  Discontinuous verbal particles: catch you up, ring you up  Default pro-verb: Did you get the paper? I would have done, but I didn't have tuppence.  phrases  come a cropper  bangers and mash  Lexicon  knock up  ring up  catch you up  bonnet  wind screen  boot  chips  crisps  bangers  rubber  lorry  dust bin  napkin  knickers  petrol

 Phonology  drop [h]  high, hope, he, her  I got high hopes he won't hit her  [l] : [ʊ] pill, call, tall  [t] : [ʔ] little, bottle, what ya got vere mate  [e ɪ ] : [a ɪ ] mate, gain,  [a ɪ ] : [ɒ ɪ ] high, flighty, might,  [aʊ] : [æʊ] mouse, house, come round  [u] : [u:ʊ] who, new, blue  [æ] : [a] cab, cat, rat  Interdentals become labiodentals  right nice little thing  Wot's wif yu?  me muvvuh  Morphology  Me for my  me mum  at's me book you got 'ere  Past tense BE: were  Lexicon  Bloody, lolly, bugger off!, bloomin‘, bangers, knickers, Fancy that!, guv'na, knackered

◦ Phonology  [r] - trill  [u] : [y] Look at the school!  [a] : [æ]  intonation: talking 'up'  'Canadian' raising [a ɪ ] : [ ɪ j] : light, right, kite ◦ Morphology  Articles: t for the  Contraction: dunna, dinna ◦ Syntax ◦ Lexicon Lexicon  bairn  wee  loch  kirk  Lad : lassie

◦ Phonology  [l] : [ʊ] except before vowels (fill, belt, told)  [e ɪ ] : [a ɪ ] (gate, mate, gray, say, fail)  [e] : [ə] (bed, Fred, let, tell, spell)  [a] : [æ] (bad, cat, bat)  [h] : [ø] (high, hug, hate, hover)  [r] : [ø] (part, car, fear, pear)) ◦ Lexicon: diminutives Barby, dunny (toilet), down under, outback, bang up

East Midlands  once varied from county to county  Now predominantly RP  R's are dropped, but h's are pronounced. The only signs that differentiate it from RP:  ou > u: (so go becomes /gu:/).  RP yu; becomes u: after n, t, d... as in American English. The West Country  r's are not dropped.  initial s often becomes z (singer > zinger).  initial f often becomes v (finger > vinger).  vowels are lengthened. West Midlands - the dialect of Ozzie Osbourne!  Pronunciation is not that different from RP,  some of the vocabulary is:  are > am  am, are (with a continuous sense) > bin  is not > ay  are not > bay Brummie is the Birmingham-spoken version of West Midlands East Midlands  once varied from county to county  Now predominantly RP  R's are dropped, but h's are pronounced. The only signs that differentiate it from RP:  ou > u: (so go becomes /gu:/).  RP yu; becomes u: after n, t, d... as in American English. The West Country  r's are not dropped.  initial s often becomes z (singer > zinger).  initial f often becomes v (finger > vinger).  vowels are lengthened. West Midlands - the dialect of Ozzie Osbourne!  Pronunciation is not that different from RP,  some of the vocabulary is:  are > am  am, are (with a continuous sense) > bin  is not > ay  are not > bay Brummie is the Birmingham-spoken version of West Midlands

 Lancashire This dialect, spoken north and east of Liverpool, has the southern habit of dropping r's. Other features:  /ʌ/ > /u/, as in luck (/luk/).  /əʊ/ > /oi/, as in hole (/hoil/)  Scouse is the very distinctive Liverpool accent, a version of the Lancashire dialect, that the Beatles made famous.  the tongue is drawn back.  /th/ and /dh/ > /t/ and /d/ respectively.  final k sounds like the Arabic q.  for rhymes with fur.  Yorkshire The Yorkshire dialect - sing-song quality, a little like Swedish, and retains its r's.  /ʌ/ > /ʊ/, as in luck (/luk/).  the - reduced to t'.  initial h-dropping.  was > were.  still use thou (pronounced /thɑ:/) and thee.  aught and naught (pronounced /aut/ or /out/ and /naut/ or /nout/) = anything and nothing.  Lancashire This dialect, spoken north and east of Liverpool, has the southern habit of dropping r's. Other features:  /ʌ/ > /u/, as in luck (/luk/).  /əʊ/ > /oi/, as in hole (/hoil/)  Scouse is the very distinctive Liverpool accent, a version of the Lancashire dialect, that the Beatles made famous.  the tongue is drawn back.  /th/ and /dh/ > /t/ and /d/ respectively.  final k sounds like the Arabic q.  for rhymes with fur.  Yorkshire The Yorkshire dialect - sing-song quality, a little like Swedish, and retains its r's.  /ʌ/ > /ʊ/, as in luck (/luk/).  the - reduced to t'.  initial h-dropping.  was > were.  still use thou (pronounced /thɑ:/) and thee.  aught and naught (pronounced /aut/ or /out/ and /naut/ or /nout/) = anything and nothing.

Northern The Northern dialect ~ the southern-most Scottish dialects. Many OScan words, e.g. bairn = child /r/ (often a roll) kept The best-known is Geordie (Newcastle)  -er > /æ/ - father > /fædhær/  /ou/ > /oa/- boat > each letter is pronounced.  talk > /ta:k/  work > /work/  book > /bu:k/  my > me  me > us  our > wor  you (plur.) > youse Northern The Northern dialect ~ the southern-most Scottish dialects. Many OScan words, e.g. bairn = child /r/ (often a roll) kept The best-known is Geordie (Newcastle)  -er > /æ/ - father > /fædhær/  /ou/ > /oa/- boat > each letter is pronounced.  talk > /ta:k/  work > /work/  book > /bu:k/  my > me  me > us  our > wor  you (plur.) > youse

PIDGIN is a simple form of a language which speakers of a different language use to communicate. Pidgin is not anyone's first language. CREOLE is a language that has developed from a mixture of different languages and has become the main language in a particular place. (=patois)

American Indian Pidgin English Chinese Pidgin English Chukotka Pidgin English Fulani Pidgin English Japanese Bamboo English Japanese Pidgin English Korean Bamboo English Kru Pidgin English Liberian Interior Pidgin English Loyalty Islands Pidgin English Madras Tamil Pidgin English* Maori Pidgin English* Micronesian Pidgin English Nauru Chinese Pidgin English New Caledonian Pidgin English Newfoundland Pidgin English Port Augusta Pidgin English Port Jackson Pidgin English Queensland Kanaka English Scottish Pidgin English Sierra Leone Pidgin English Samoan Plantation Pidgin Taiwan Pidgin English Thai Pidgin English Togolese Pidgin English Vietnamese Pidgin English West African Pidgin English

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