TURNING OUTLINES INTO ROUGH DRAFTS

Introduction  The outline is the “skeleton” of your paper  Rough drafts are putting “meat” on the “bones.”

Rough Drafts  Meant to be imperfect  Composing is a fluid process – we are always interested in perfecting our craft, making it the best we possibly can.  As Shakespeare said, “Take Pains, Be Perfect.”

Hypothetical Thesis  Mark Twain criticizes 19 th century America’s narrow- minded racist ideals by depicting Huckleberry’s gradual growth and rejection of racist values in favor of friendship with Jim.

Hypothetical Outline VII. Huck’s Realization A. Huck ultimately realizes that Jim is no different than he is inside. B. Tom is shot; Jim is by his side; comes out of hiding to help. C. “I know’d he was white inside” (Twain 230). D. Huck recognizes that although Jim’s skin color is different than his, he has the same morals and values.

Step 1: The Topic Sentence  Clean up your topic sentence.  Make it exceptional.  Make it clear what the entire paragraph is about.  Use appropriate transitions.

Step 1: The Topic Sentence  Huck ultimately realizes that Jim is no different than he is inside.  As the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race.

Step 2: Adding Context  You cannot simply drop your primary source quote after the topic sentence.  You must introduce it by BRIEFLY summarizing the relevant plot details.  This is your CONTEXT.

Step 2: Adding Context Tom is shot; Jim is by his side; comes out of hiding to help.  Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor.

Paragraph So Far As the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race. Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor.

I love term papers!!!!

Step 3: Add The Quote  The primary source quote follows the context.  Don’t orphan the quote – be sure to introduce it in some way.  Primary source quote must be followed by parenthetical citation.

Step 3: Adding the Quote  “I know’d he was white inside” (Twain 230).  Huck, in seeing Jim’s kindness, remarks, “I knowed he was white inside” (Twain 230). OR “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing Jim’s kindness (Twain 230).

Paragraph So Far As the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race. Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing Jim’s kindness (Twain 230).

I can’t believe how much fun this is!

Step 4: Add an Inference  After the quote, it is necessary to provide an inference explaining its relevance to your paper’s thesis.  Expand, if necessary, the inference from your outline.  If you can’t tie the quote to the thesis, the quote is no good!

Step 4: Adding an Inference Huck recognizes that although Jim’s skin color is different than his, he has the same morals and values. Huck’s statement affirms his progression into a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that though Jim’s skin color is different, he possesses the same “insides,” or morals and values, as he and the rest of white society do.

Paragraph So Far As the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race. Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing Jim’s kindness (Twain 230). Huck’s statement affirms his progression into a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that though Jim’s skin color is different, he possesses the same “insides,” or morals and values, as he and the rest of white society do.

I wonder what could be next?!

Step 5: Adding a Secondary Source Quote  Secondary source quotes are scholarly affirmations of your original thought.  You are very smart, but must rely on learned English scholars to support your assertions.  If you don’t have a secondary source to support what you said, you are probably wrong or didn’t look hard enough.

Step 5: Adding a Secondary Source Quote  You cannot simply drop a secondary source quote.  It, like a primary source quote, must be introduced.

Step 5: Adding a Secondary Source Quote  “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15).  Huck’s breakthrough revelation serves to support the overarching theme of the book described by Kaye in her article “Huck’s Moral Vision” that, “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15).

So Far…. As the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race. Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing Jim’s kindness (Twain 230). Huck’s statement affirms his progression into a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that though Jim’s skin color is different, he possesses the same “insides,” or morals and values, as he and the rest of white society do. Huck’s breakthrough revelation serves to support the overarching theme of the book described by Kaye in her article “Huck’s Moral Vision” that, “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15)

Step 6: Wrapping It All Up  Now, it is time to add a conclusion sentence.  The conclusion sentence should do two things: explain the significance of the quotation, and reconnect to the thesis. This is sometimes difficult to do well.

Finally: As the novel progresses towards a conclusion, Huck ultimately realizes that Jim, through his kind actions, is no different than he is, and recognizes the unimportance of race. Tom Sawyer, in a delirious coma after being shot in a foolish attempt to unnecessarily rescue Jim, is about to die. Jim, seeing the situation, comes out of hiding, risking his own life and freedom, to help find a doctor. “I knowed he was white inside,” Huck remarks upon seeing Jim’s kindness (Twain 230). Huck’s statement affirms his progression into a dynamic character. Huck recognizes that though Jim’s skin color is different, he possesses the same “insides,” or morals and values, as he and the rest of white society do. Huck’s breakthrough revelation serves to support the overarching theme of the book described by Kaye in her article “Huck’s Moral Vision” that, “Twain's antiracism was and remains effective in the uncontroversial showing that blacks are human, that black ties of love and family are as strong and genuine as white ones” (Kaye 15). Twain thus manages to simultaneously reject the racist values of 19 th century America and affirm the kindness and compassion he believes Americans should feel for one another, regardless of race, through the thoughts of an adolescent boy.

Introductory and Concluding Paragraph  The introductory and conclusion paragraphs should be the last ones that you write.  Develop all of your supporting details first; you will use the introduction to lead into them, and the conclusion to summarize them.

Imagine a paper is like this: Intro Body The intro is like a funnel, starting broad and then getting specific. The last sentence is the thesis. The conclusion functions the opposite way. It starts specific with a restatement of the thesis, then gets broad, ending with a generalization.

Sample Intro Paragraph  Here is the original thesis: Mark Twain criticizes 19 th century America’s narrow- minded racist ideals by depicting Huckleberry’s gradual growth and rejection of racist values in favor of friendship with Jim.  The following slide depicts its placement in an introductory paragraph.

Sample Intro Paragraph: 19 th century America was indeed a time of tumultuous change. Within a single century, the entire nation was ripped apart and reunited in bloody civil war, while a large percentage of the national population, once considered property, became known as citizens. Mark Twain was certainly attune to the national discordance of feelings. As a southerner who frequently traveled north to revel in the success of his first masterpiece, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain was able to see the marked contrast in values, and reacted with disgust towards his southern peers. In the process of creating Huckleberry Finn, what Twain set out to create, an amusing sequel to his light-hearted previous success, quickly transformed into a bitter criticism of the world around him, and his hero Huck Finn transforms from a careless renegade into a thoughtful symbol of progress. Mark Twain criticizes 19 th century America’s narrow-minded racist ideals by depicting Huckleberry’s gradual growth and rejection of racist values in favor of friendship with Jim.

Conclusion Paragraph  Conclusion essentially does the opposite. Rephrase the thesis at its opening, and gradually broaden, growing towards a connection to the modern world.  Keep it short; allow this to be the shortest part of your paper.

Sample Conclusion Paragraph Through the moral development of his young protagonist, Mark Twain succeeds in criticizing the narrow-minded racism of 19 th century America. Twain intended for Huck’s growth and change to be the model for those who read his work, and hoped that Huck’s “sound heart” would succeed in fracturing the “deformed conscience” of the society Twain maligned. In many ways, Twain’s vision has yet to come to fruition, as over 150 years after the emancipation proclamation, African Americans still face a disparity of wealth and career opportunities, yet his optimism still inspires, and his work remains a mainstay of American secondary education. Perhaps Huck’s journey is not yet over after all.

1) Measure your margins 2) Two random “page number” checks, one from an article, the other from the primary source. 3) We will read the paper together aloud. I am not correcting grammar unless it is really blatant. I am focusing on clarity of ideas and organization. Follow the formula in this presentation!